Capillary Liquid Chromatography

1. Introduction.- 2. Development and Achievements of Capillary Liquid Chromatography.- 3. Theoretical Basis of Capillary liquid Chromatography.- 3.1. Band Spreading in Packed and Open Tubular Columns.- 3.2. Optimizing Liquid Chromatography.- 3.3. Extracolumn Spreading and Optimizing the Chromatographic System.- 3.3.1. Dispersion in the Injector Cell.- 3.3.2. Sample Mass.- 3.3.3. Dispersion in the Detector Cell.- 3.3.4. Dispersion in the Connecting Capillaries.- 3.3.5. Detector System's Time Constant.- 3.4. Optimization with Respect to Analysis Speed.- 3.5. Optimization with Respect to Sensitivity (Ultrasensitive Analysis).- 3.6. Superefficient Analysis.- 3.7. Conclusion.- 4. Equipment for Capillary Liquid Chromatography.- 4.1. Specifications.- 4.2. Microbore Liquid Chromatographs.- 4.3. Detectors for Capillary Liquid Chromatography.- 4.3.1. Photometric (Absorbance) Detectors.- 4.3.2. Fluorescence Detectors.- 4.3.3. Refractometers.- 4.3.4. IR Spectrometers.- 4.3.5. Electrochemical Detectors.- 4.3.6. Electrical Conductivity Detectors.- 4.3.7. Potentiometric Detectors.- 4.3.8. Gas Chromatography Detectors.- 4.3.9. Radioactivity Detectors.- 4.3.10. Postcolumn Derivatization.- 4.3.11. Other Sorts of Detectors.- 4.3.12. Liquid Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer.- 4.3.12a. Detection Limit of a Mass Spectrometer when Used as a Detector.- 4.3.12b. Mass Spectrometer's Time Constant.- 4.3.12c. Eluent for a Liquid Chromatograph/ Mass Spectrometer.- 4.3.12d. Interface between a Liquid Chromatograph and a Mass Spectrometer.- 4.3.12e. Chromatographic Columns and Separation Systems That Can Be Used with Microbore Liquid Chromatographs Coupled to Mass Spectrometers.- 4.4. Devices for Injecting and Concentrating Samples.- 4.5. Solvent Delivery Systems.- 4.6. Temperature Gradients for Capillary Chromatography..- 5. Preparing and testing capillary columns for liquid Chromatography.- 5.1. Experimental Methods for Determining the Peak Variance Associated with Extracolumn Band Spreading.- 5.2. Packed Microbore Columns. Relationship between Performance and Packing Method.- 5.2.1. Influence of Column Diameter on the Height of a Theoretical Plate. Wall Effect.- 5.2.2. Packing Microbore Columns.- 5.3. Preparing and Testing Microcapillary Columns.- 5.3.1. Packed Capillary Columns with Irregular Packing.- 5.3.2. Open Tubular Columns.- 5.4. Possible Future Increases in the Performance of Capillary Columns.- 5.4.1. Microbore Supercritical-Fluid Chromatography.- 6. Application of Microbore Chromatography to the Analysis of Organic and Inorganic Compounds.- 6.1. Amino Acids, Their Derivatives, Peptides, and Proteins.- 6.1.1. Ultrasensitive Analyses of Amino Acids and Their Derivatives with Fluorometric Detection.- 6.1.2. Microbore Chromatography of PTH Amino-Acid Derivatives.- 6.1.3. Ultrasensitive Analyses of Amino Acids and Peptides with a Postcolumn Ninhydrin Reaction.- 6.1.A. Ultrasensitive Analyses of Amino Acids and Amines (Postcolumn Derivatization with o-Phthalic Dialdehyde).- 6.1.5. Microbore Steric-Exciusion Chromatography of Large Peptides.- 6. 1.6. Reversed-Phase Chromatography of Proteins in Short Microbore Columns.- 6.2 Steric-Exclusion Microbore Chromatography Applied to the Study of Protein Association.- 6.3. Microbore Column Chromatography of Polymers and Oligomers.- 6.3.1. Molecular Weight Distribution of Polymers.- 6.3.2. High-Performance Microbore Liquid Chromatography of Oligomers.- 6.4. Analyses of Antibiotics and Pharmaceuticals.- 6.4.1. Antibiotics.- 6.4. 2. Pharmaceuticals.- 6.4.3. Vitamins.- 6.5. Analyses of Nucleic Acid Components.- 6.6. Analyses of Medicines and Biologically Active Compounds.- 6.6. 1. Direct Microbore Analysis of Biologically Active Compounds and Pharmaceuticals in Biological Fluids.- 6.6.1a. Eicosanoids in Tissue Extracts.- 6.6.1b. Bethanidine in Blood Plasma.- 6.6.1c. Rapid Analyses of Theophylline in Blood Serum.- 6.6.Id. Tyrosine and Tryptophan Metabolites in Urine.- 6.6.2. Ultrasensitive Microbore Analyses of Concentrated Samples.- 6.6.2a. Analyses of Corticosteroids in Blood Serum Using Off-Line Precolumns.- 6.6.2b. Analyses of Catecholamines in Biological Fluids Using Automatic On-Line Concentration.- 6.6.2c. Determination of Nitrophenol in Urine.- 6.6.2d. Blood Serum Analyses Using Sample Concentration and Serial Loop Injectors.- 6.6.3. Analyses Using Precolumn Derivatization for Medicines and Their Metabolites.- 6.6.3a. Glycosides and Their Metabolites in Blood and Urine.- 6.6.3b. Other Investigations.- 6.6.4. Postcolumn Derivatization for Bile Acid Assays.- 6.7. Microbore Liquid Chromatography in Environmental Monitoring.- 6.7.1. Analyzing the Content of Polycyclic and Nitropolycyclic Hydrocarbons in Diesel Fuel.- 6.7.2. Polycyclic Hydrocarbons and Chlorinated Phenols in Water.- 6.7.3. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Exhaust Fumes.- 6.7.4. Organic Impurities in Water, Given Sample Concentration in Serial Loop Injectors.- 6.7.4a. General Assay for Organic Compounds.- 6.7.4b. Nitrobenzene in River Water.- 6.7.5. Analysis of Phthalic Acid Esters in River Water Using Off-Line Sample Concentration.- 6.7.6. Antioxidants in Gasoline.- 6.7.7. Hydrocarbons in Coal Extracts.- 6.8. Microbore Liquid Chromatography Applied to Inorganic Compounds.- 6.8.1. Halide Ions.- 6.8.2. Alkali Metals.- 6.8.3. Rare-Earth Elements.- 6.8.4. Metal Chloro Complexes.- 6.8.5. Nitrates in Water.- 6.8.6. Ultramicrobore Analyses of Inorganic Ions Using a UV Detector.- 7. Conclusion.- References.