Contributors | p. xi |
Preface | p. xv |
Introduction | p. 1 |
The Grain Legumes | p. 1 |
Grain Legume Production | p. 1 |
Grain Legume Consumption | p. 7 |
Grain Legume Carbohydrates | p. 11 |
Carbohydrate Chemistry | p. 15 |
The Carbohydrates | p. 15 |
Soluble carbohydrates | p. 16 |
Polysaccharides | p. 22 |
Other carbohydrate components | p. 28 |
Chemical Analysis of the Carbohydrates | p. 31 |
Soluble carbohydrates (monosaccharides, sucrose, [alpha]-galactosides, cyclitols) | p. 31 |
Polysaccharides | p. 45 |
Other carbohydrate components | p. 56 |
Nutrition | p. 61 |
Introduction | p. 61 |
The Content of Carbohydrates in Grain Legumes Utilized in Europe | p. 62 |
The content of carbohydrates in grain legumes used for human nutrition | p. 62 |
The content of carbohydrates in grain legumes used for animal nutrition | p. 67 |
Physiological Effect of Grain Legume Carbohydrates in Animal Nutrition | p. 69 |
Consumption of grain legume carbohydrates in feed | p. 69 |
Effect of mono- and disaccharides in animal nutrition | p. 71 |
Effect of oligosaccharides in animal nutrition | p. 71 |
Effect of starch in animal nutrition | p. 74 |
Effect of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in animal nutrition | p. 76 |
Effect of grain legume carbohydrates in ruminant nutrition | p. 78 |
Physiological Effect of Grain Legume Carbohydrates in Human Nutrition | p. 79 |
Nutritional classification of grain legume carbohydrates | p. 79 |
Consumption of grain legume carbohydrates in food | p. 82 |
Physiological effect of available carbohydrates from grain legumes | p. 84 |
Physiological effect of unavailable carbohydrates from grain legumes | p. 85 |
Processing | p. 89 |
Native Starch | p. 89 |
Isolation | p. 89 |
Granular structure | p. 93 |
Functional properties | p. 98 |
Modified Starch | p. 101 |
Physical methods | p. 102 |
Chemical methods | p. 104 |
Biotechnological methods | p. 108 |
Food Application of Native and Modified Legume Starches | p. 109 |
Effect of Processing on Starch and Other Carbohydrates in Foods | p. 110 |
Resistant starch formation | p. 110 |
Content, composition and digestibility | p. 112 |
Legume Seeds as a Source of Raw Materials | p. 116 |
Seed Physiology and Biochemistry | p. 117 |
The Legume Seed | p. 117 |
Seed components | p. 117 |
Seed development | p. 119 |
The Accumulation and Biosynthesis of Carbohydrates | p. 122 |
Accumulation of soluble carbohydrates | p. 122 |
Biosynthesis of soluble carbohydrates | p. 125 |
Accumulation of starch | p. 128 |
Biochemistry of starch | p. 130 |
Physiological Role of Carbohydrates in Legume Seeds | p. 131 |
During seed development | p. 131 |
During temperature stress | p. 136 |
During seed storage | p. 137 |
During germination | p. 138 |
Biotechnology | p. 145 |
Introduction | p. 145 |
In vitro Cultures and Plant Regeneration of Grain Legumes | p. 146 |
Introduction to in vitro culture | p. 146 |
Plant regeneration systems | p. 148 |
Pioneering studies on pea regeneration | p. 149 |
Regeneration via somatic embryogenesis | p. 150 |
Regeneration via organogenesis and multiple shoot formation | p. 151 |
Recent studies to produce more efficient, fast and reliable systems for regeneration | p. 153 |
Factors effecting regeneration | p. 154 |
Advantages of the different developmental pathways for in vitro manipulation | p. 155 |
Isolated Protoplasts from Grain Legumes | p. 156 |
Introduction to protoplast cultures | p. 156 |
Protoplast cultures from leguminous species | p. 157 |
Application of grain legumes protoplasts to the study of carbohydrates | p. 158 |
Somaclonal Variation in Grain Legumes | p. 162 |
Introduction | p. 162 |
Factors causing variation | p. 163 |
Mechanisms of somaclonal variation | p. 163 |
Potential and disadvantages of somaclonal variation | p. 164 |
Variation in grain legumes at the cell and tissue culture level in vitro | p. 165 |
Variation in grain legumes at the whole plant level | p. 172 |
Transformation Methods in Grain Legumes | p. 181 |
Introduction | p. 181 |
Gene delivery systems used in agronomically important legumes | p. 182 |
Methods giving positive results--transgenic plants | p. 183 |
Transgenic plants and useful genes/traits transformed into grain legumes | p. 184 |
Field trials with transgenic grain legume plants and commercialized transgenic legume crops | p. 192 |
Future prospects | p. 193 |
The Availability and Possible Manipulation of Genes Involved in Starch Biosynthesis | p. 195 |
Biochemical pathways of starch biosynthesis | p. 195 |
The availability of genes involved into starch biosynthesis | p. 196 |
The availability of other genes influencing starch biosynthesis and starch quality | p. 198 |
The Availability and Possible Manipulation of Genes Involved in [alpha]-Galactoside Accumulation and Degradation | p. 199 |
Biochemical pathways of [alpha]-galactoside biosynthesis | p. 199 |
The availability of genes involved in [alpha]-galactoside accumulation and degradation and their possible manipulation | p. 199 |
Cell Suspension Culture as a Model for Studying Carbohydrate Metabolism | p. 201 |
Introduction | p. 201 |
Composition of plant cell walls | p. 202 |
Biosynthesis of the cell wall components | p. 202 |
Oligosaccharides as signals and substrates in the plant cell wall | p. 203 |
Plant cell suspension cultures--a powerful tool in investigating cell wall metabolism | p. 204 |
Breeding and Agronomy | p. 209 |
Current Breeding Goals | p. 209 |
Breeding Techniques | p. 211 |
Pedigree breeding | p. 211 |
Bulk selection | p. 212 |
Deviations from the pedigree and bulk methods | p. 212 |
Access to Genetic Variation | p. 213 |
Germplasm banks | p. 213 |
Existing variation for the carbohydrates | p. 214 |
Newly identified genetic variation | p. 214 |
Selection Methods | p. 220 |
Physical Screening Methods | p. 222 |
Near-infrared (NI) spectroscopy | p. 224 |
Mid-infrared spectroscopy | p. 225 |
Some Agronomic Considerations of Carbohydrates | p. 225 |
During plant growth and development | p. 225 |
During seed development | p. 226 |
European Registration Requirements for New Varieties | p. 227 |
Background | p. 227 |
Agronomic characters | p. 228 |
Technological characters | p. 231 |
Chemical characters | p. 232 |
Strategies for Manipulating Grain Legume Carbohydrates | p. 233 |
The Problems | p. 233 |
Strategies for Overcoming the Problems | p. 235 |
The soluble carbohydrates | p. 235 |
Starch | p. 237 |
Fibre | p. 237 |
Conclusions | p. 238 |
References | p. 241 |
Index | p. 315 |
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |