About the Editors xxv
List of Contributors xxix
Preface xxxvii
Acknowledgments xxxix
1 Green Energy: An Introduction, Present, and Future Prospective 1
Manoj Singh Adhikari, Raju Patel, Manoj Sindhwani, and Shippu Sachdeva
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Present Status of Green Energy 3
1.3 Global Renewable Energy Capacity 4
1.4 Leading Green Energy Technologies 5
1.5 Challenges in Green Energy Adoption 7
1.6 Prospects of Green Energy 8
1.7 Sustainable Practices in Green Energy 10
1.8 Case Studies of Successful Green Energy Projects 12
1.9 Policy and Regulatory Framework for Green Energy 13
1.10 Opportunities and Challenges in the Evolution to a Green Energy Future 14
1.11 Conclusion 16
References 17
2 Properties of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials and Techniques for Characterization 21
Ravi Tejasvi
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Significance in Green Energy 22
2.3 Techniques for Characterization of Properties of Carbon Nanomaterials 24
2.4 Conclusion 51
References 52
3 Green Energy: Present and Future Prospectives 57
Irtiqa Amin, Quraazah Akeemu Amin, and Harpreet Kaur
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Sustainable Energy Resources 62
3.3 Non-Sustainable Energy Resources 86
3.4 Existing Green Energy Models 87
3.5 Conclusions 88
References 92
4 Carbon-Based 2D Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Their Green Energy Applications 95
Minakshi Sharma, Varsha Yadav, Prachi Diwakar, Chandra Mohan Singh Negi, and Parvez Ahmed Alvi
4.1 Introduction 95
4.2 Synthesis of Graphene and Its Derivatives 97
4.3 Properties of g-CN 108
4.4 Applications of g-CN 109
4.5 Conclusion 113
References 114
5 Exploring the Potential of Graphene in Sustainable Energy Solutions 119
M. Karthik, S. Allirani, G. Ilakkiya, and R. Adharsh
5.1 Introduction 119
5.2 Usage of Graphene in Various Sectors 121
5.3 Implicit Operations of Graphene in the Renewable Energy Sector 125
5.4 Catalysis 137
5.5 Renewable Energies 137
5.6 Nanotechnology 138
5.7 Conclusion 138
Bibliography 139
6 Fullerene for Green Hydrogen Energy Application 141
Manish Kumar and Sunil Kumar
6.1 Introduction 141
6.2 Green Hydrogen Energy 143
6.3 Fullerene as a Hydrogen Storage Material 145
6.4 Size Effect of Fullerene and Hydrogen Storage Efficiency 145
6.5 Functionalized Fullerene, Chemical Structure, and Its Hydrogen Storage Performance 146
6.6 Charged Fullerene as Hydrogen Storage System 155
6.7 Hydrogen Storage in Hydro- or Hydrogenated Fullerene 155
6.8 Conclusions and Future Outlook 156
Acknowledgments 156
References 157
7 Graphyne-Based Carbon Nanomaterials for Green Energy Applications 163
Kulsum Hashmi, Mohammad Imran Ahmad, Saman Raza, Nidhi Mishra, Seema Joshi, and Tahmeena Khan
7.1 Introduction 163
7.2 Graphyne-Based Carbon Nanomaterials for Green Energy Applications 166
7.3 Fuel Cells 169
7.4 Solar Energy 177
7.5 Wastewater Treatment 181
7.6 Perspectives and Conclusion 185
Acknowledgments 185
References 185
8 Mesoporous Carbon for Green Energy Applications 199
Vikas Jangra, Narvadeswar Kumar, Harpreet Kaur, Lal Bahadur Prasad, and Piyush Kumar Sonkar
8.1 Introduction 199
8.2 Recent Advances in Synthetic Techniques 202
8.3 Applications of Mesoporous Carbon 205
8.4 Further Directions, Opportunities, and Challenges 217
8.5 Conclusions 218
References 218
9 Green Synthesis of Carbon Dots and Its Application in Hydrogen Generation Through Water Splitting 225
Mandakini Gupta
9.1 Introduction 225
9.2 Carbon Dots 227
9.3 Processes Used for Synthesis of CDs 228
9.4 Green Synthesis of Carbon Dots 234
9.5 Application of CDs in Water Splitting 237
9.6 Factors Affecting Characteristics of Nanomaterials of Carbon in Photocatalytic H 2 Production 242
9.7 Conclusion 243
References 244
10 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Energy Storage Devices: Solar Cells 255
Seraj Ahmad, Manoj Kumar, Kahkashan Khatoon, Akram Ali, and Himanshu Arora
10.1 Introduction 255
10.2 Carbon Nanotubes 257
10.3 Graphene 261
10.4 Carbon Dots 265
10.5 The Future of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Solar Cell Technology 269
10.6 Conclusion 270
References 271
11 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Energy Storage Devices: Fuel Cells and Biofuel Cells 275
Ponnusamy Thillai Arasu, Arumugam Murugan, G. Kanthimathi, A. Malar Retna, S. Daphne Rebekal, Natarajan Raman, Robin Kumar Samuel, and Tola Jebssa Masho
11.1 Introduction 275
11.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials’ Function in Energy Storage 277
11.3 Carbon Nanotube-Based Materials for Use in Batteries 277
11.4 Carbon Nanotube Varieties 278
11.5 Carbon Nanoparticles 281
11.6 Carbon Nanosheets 284
11.7 Biofuels 285
11.8 Morphological and Evolutionary Characteristics of Enzyme-Based Biofuels 287
11.9 Immobilization of Enzymes 290
11.10 Graphene and CNT Applications in Fuel Cells 296
11.11 Conclusion 298
11.12 Expected Future Application of Fuel Cells and Biofuel Cells 298
11.13 Future Applications 298
References 299
12 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Energy Storage Devices: Supercapacitors 307
Shikha Chander, Veerabathuni Jaya Usha Praveena, and Meenu Mangal
12.1 Introduction 307
12.2 Carbon Nanotube 311
12.3 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 316
12.4 Reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) Synthesis 318
12.5 Characterization 319
12.6 Results and Discussion 321
12.7 Applied Electrochemistry 326
12.8 Conclusions 328
12.9 Future Scope 328
References 328
13 A Review of Effective Biomass, Chemical, Recycling and Storage Processes for Electrical Energy Generations 331
Suman Lata Tripathi, Krishan Arora, and Celestine Lwendi
13.1 Introduction 331
13.2 Bio-Raw Materials and Utility 333
13.3 Biomass Energy Conversion Techniques 334
13.4 Application Areas of Biomass Energy 343
13.5 Comparative Analysis of Modern Biomass Energy Conversion Techniques 343
13.6 Optimization Techniques for Effective Biomass Conversion and Supply Chain Management 343
13.7 Government Policies and Marketing Strategies 345
13.8 Applications of Biomass Energy and Biomass Products 346
13.9 Conclusions 346
References 347
14 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Pollutants’ Treatment 355
Gaganpreet and Y. Pathania
14.1 Introduction 355
14.2 Allotropic Forms of Carbonaceous Nanomaterials 357
14.3 Synergistic Approaches for Carbonaceous Materials 359
14.4 Role of Carbonaceous Materials in Environmental Remediation 362
14.5 Environmental Impact of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 368
14.6 Conclusions: Technological Challenges and Future Prospects 369
Conflicts of Interest 370
Authors’ Contributions 370
References 370
15 Carbon Nanomaterials for Detection and Degradation of Wastewater Inorganic Pollutants: Present Status and Future Prospects 383
Prem Rajak, Ruchika Agarwal, Sohini Goswami, Satadal Adhikary, Suchandra Bhattacharya, Abhratanu Ganguly, and Sayantani Nanda
15.1 Introduction 383
15.2 Properties of Carbon Nanomaterials 387
15.3 Common Types of Carbon Nanomaterials 387
15.4 Elimination of Inorganic Contaminants from Wastewater 393
15.5 Carbon Nanomaterials for Sensing and Monitoring 399
15.6 Limitations 400
15.7 Conclusion 401
References 402
16 Role of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in CO2 Reduction and Capture Reaction Process 411
Shyam Raj Yadav and Jai Prakash
16.1 Introduction 411
16.2 Parameters Affecting Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction 412
16.3 CO2ECR-Derived Products 415
16.4 Plausible Mechanism for ECR of CO2 417
16.5 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in CO2 Reduction 422
16.6 Imminent Challenges 436
16.7 Conclusion 438
References 439
17 Application of Carbon Nanomaterials in CO2 Capture and Reduction 447
R. Sanjeevi, J. Anuradh, and Sandeep Tripathi
17.1 Introduction 447
17.2 Different Types of Carbon Nanomaterials 448
17.3 Applications in CO2 Management: Leveraging Unique Properties 452
17.4 CO2 Capture 453
17.5 Catalytic Conversion of CO2 :Nanomaterials as Agents of Change 455
17.6 Challenges and Future Directions 460
17.7 Future Directions 461
17.8 Conclusion 463
References 464
18 Industrial Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials 469
Y. Pathania, P. K. Ahluwalia, and Pooja Kapoor
18.1 Introduction 469
18.2 Different Forms of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 471
18.3 Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials 473
18.4 Challenges 487
18.5 Conclusions and Future Scope 488
Acknowledgment 489
Declarations 489
Funding 489
References 489
19 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials and Their Green Energy Applications: Carbon Nanotubes 505
Smita Singh, Varsha Singh, Vikram Rathour, and Vellaichamy Ganesan
19.1 Introduction 505
19.2 Synthesis of CNTs 509
19.3 Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 511
19.4 Green Energy Applications of CNTs 514
19.5 Challenges Associated with CNTs 523
19.6 Conclusion 524
Acknowledgments 525
References 525
20 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles as Visible-Light Photocatalysts 533
Sonam Soni
20.1 Introduction 533
20.2 Mechanism of Photocatalysis 536
20.3 Classification of Nanomaterials 537
20.4 Types of Carbon-Based Nanoparticles 538
20.5 Application of CNPs as Photocatalysts 538
20.6 Conclusions 548
20.7 Future Scope 548
References 549
21 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Day-to-Day Human Life 553
Manju Choudhary, Pooja Nain, Shivanshu Garg, and Himanshu Punetha
21.1 Introduction 553
21.2 Utilization of CNPs in Medical Services 555
21.3 Applications Pertaining to Electrical and Electronics Sectors 563
21.4 Applications Pertaining to Wind and Solar Energies 566
21.5 Application Pertaining to Food Industry Sector 571
21.6 Nanoparticles Operating Within Soil 573
21.7 Agricultural Aspects of Nanomaterials 574
21.8 Nanomaterials Bringing Out Latest Revolutions 575
21.9 Conclusion and Future Scope 577
References 578
Index 587
