List of Figures and Tables | p. xv |
List of Authors | p. xix |
Preface | p. xxiii |
Acknowledgments | p. xxv |
Abbreviations | p. xxvii |
The Importance of Carbon Capture and Geologic Sequestration in a Carbon Constrained World | p. 1 |
Why does the World still need Fossil Fuel? | p. 5 |
Carbon Capture with Geologic Sequestration (CCS) | p. 7 |
Underground Injection Today | p. 9 |
The Boundaries and Life Cycle of a CCS Project | p. 9 |
The Reason for this Book | p. 11 |
Technology for Carbon Capture and Geologic Sequestration | p. 12 |
Overview of CO2 Capture Technology and its Applications | p. 13 |
Capture of CO2 from Electric Power Generation | p. 15 |
Capturing CO2 from Industrial Processes | p. 23 |
Capturing CO2 Directly From the Air | p. 26 |
Overview of CO2 Transport Options | p. 28 |
Overview of Geologic Sequestration and the Sequestration Project Life Cycle | p. 31 |
Practical Experience with GS Technology | p. 42 |
Enhanced Oil Recovery and its Relationship to Geologic Sequestration | p. 42 |
Siting CO2 Pipelines for Geologic Sequestration | p. 47 |
Existing Federal Regulation of CO2 Pipelines | p. 48 |
Existing Regulation of Siting, Rate Setting, Safety, and Access to CO2 Pipelines in Selected States (Texas, New Mexico, Ohio, and Pennsylvania) | p. 56 |
Adequacy of Existing Laws | p. 59 |
Options for Creating a CO2 Pipeline Regulatory Framework | p. 60 |
Recommendations for Regulating CO2 Pipelines | p. 61 |
Permitting Geologic Sequestration Sites | p. 63 |
The US EPA Underground Injection Control Program | p. 64 |
The Role of the States | p. 71 |
Community Engagement During the Permitting Process | p. 77 |
Recommendations for Permitting GS Sites | p. 78 |
Learning from and Adapting to Changes in Geologic Sequestration Technology | p. 80 |
Performance-based Regulation | p. 81 |
Examples of Performance-based Regulation | p. 82 |
Adaptive Regulation | p. 84 |
Examples of Adaptive Regulation | p. 85 |
Assessment of Current Rules for Geologic Sequestration | p. 87 |
Recommendations on Learning and Adaptation | p. 88 |
Access to Pore Space for Geologic Sequestration | p. 91 |
Competing Uses of the Subsurface | p. 92 |
Who Owns Pore Space in the US? | p. 95 |
Does the Use of Pore Space for GS Require Compensation Under the Law? | p. 96 |
Alternative Models for the Acquisition of the Right to Use Pore Space for Fluid Injection | p. 98 |
Potential Legal Frameworks for Managing GS Access to Pore Space | p. 104 |
A Federally Coordinated Framework would be Optimal | p. 105 |
Authority to Permit Geologic CO2 Sequestration on Federal Lands | p. 117 |
Recommendations on Access to Pore Space | p. 119 |
Liability and the Management of Long-term Stewardship | p. 126 |
Liability Across a Project's Life Cycle | p. 126 |
Designing a Strategy to Manage Long-term Stewardship | p. 127 |
Types of Liability that may arise During Long-term Stewardship | p. 128 |
A Hybrid Approach to Liability During Long-term Stewardship | p. 130 |
First-mover Projects | p. 132 |
Recommendations on How to Address Liability and Long-term Stewardship | p. 133 |
Greenhouse Gas Accounting for CCS | p. 140 |
Framing the Issues in Accounting | p. 143 |
Current Rules Relevant to GHG Accounting for CCS | p. 145 |
Technical Considerations for Monitoring and Measurement of Surface Leakage at GS Sites | p. 147 |
Compensating for Surface Leakage | p. 154 |
CCS Accounting under Various Climate or Energy Policies | p. 156 |
Recommendations on GHG Accounting for CCS | p. 162 |
Making CCS a Reality | p. 166 |
Opportunities to Mitigate Financial Risks | p. 167 |
Fostering Technology Innovation | p. 179 |
Summary | p. 181 |
Conclusions and Recommendations | p. 182 |
Appendix: A Draft Bill for U.S. Congress | p. 189 |
Notes | p. 242 |
Index | p. 271 |
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