| List of figures | p. xii |
| List of tables | p. xiii |
| Foreword | p. xv |
| Preface | p. xvii |
| Acknowledgements | p. xix |
| Overview | p. 1 |
| Historical background: from sustainable development to carbon management | p. 3 |
| The built environment's role in the global carbon cycle | p. 4 |
| History of policies and protocols for carbon management | p. 8 |
| Equity implications of carbon management | p. 10 |
| References | p. 11 |
| Overview of climate change | p. 13 |
| Climate change science and the greenhouse gases (GHGs) | p. 13 |
| Global greenhouse gas emissions | p. 16 |
| Contraction and Convergence | p. 17 |
| Greenhouse gas sources | p. 17 |
| Peak oil | p. 19 |
| Greenhouse gas sinks | p. 21 |
| Adaptation and mitigation | p. 21 |
| Vulnerability | p. 22 |
| Bibliography | p. 22 |
| Sectoral approaches to carbon management | p. 24 |
| Energy generation | p. 24 |
| Transport | p. 27 |
| Water and wastewater | p. 28 |
| Waste management | p. 29 |
| Information and communications technology | p. 31 |
| Manufacturing and distribution | p. 32 |
| Green spaces | p. 32 |
| Human behaviour | p. 33 |
| Bibliography | p. 33 |
| Strategies for a low carbon built environment | p. 37 |
| Energy generation for a low carbon built environment | |
| Micro and distributed generation | p. 40 |
| Solar thermal | p. 43 |
| Solar photovoltaics | p. 43 |
| Micro wind | p. 44 |
| Ground source heat pumps | p. 44 |
| Air source heat pumps | p. 44 |
| Geothermal | p. 45 |
| Micro and community CHP and biomass | p. 45 |
| Anaerobic digestion | p. 46 |
| Micro-hydro | p. 46 |
| Centralised renewable generation | p. 47 |
| Hydropower | p. 47 |
| Wind farms | p. 48 |
| Solar farms | p. 48 |
| Wave and tidal power | p. 48 |
| Biomass | p. 49 |
| Nuclear | p. 49 |
| References | p. 50 |
| Carbon management in the new build | p. 52 |
| Defining the 'carbon problem' | p. 52 |
| Principal emission drivers in the built environment | p. 53 |
| Physics of buildings | p. 54 |
| Climate | p. 54 |
| Indices to quantify the climatic burden on buildings | p. 57 |
| Thermal comfort | p. 60 |
| Key building processes and needs | p. 62 |
| Passive/low energy design approaches | p. 63 |
| Temperate climates | p. 64 |
| The Passivhaus approach | p. 64 |
| Zero carbon domestic buildings in temperate climates | p. 68 |
| The case of zero energy (i.e. energy exporting) buildings in the UK | p. 69 |
| Warm, humid climates | p. 70 |
| Zero carbon non-domestic buildings in warm, humid climates: MAS Intimates Thurulie, Thulhiriya, Sri Lanka | p. 74 |
| Hot, dry climates | p. 75 |
| Problems needing urgent action | p. 77 |
| Overheating | p. 77 |
| Thermal comfort standards | p. 78 |
| Drivers and barriers to LZC in the new build | p. 79 |
| References | p. 79 |
| Carbon management in the existing stock | p. 82 |
| Retrofitting buildings for low/zero carbon - climate-specific solutions | p. 83 |
| Retrofit in temperate climates | p. 83 |
| Retrofit in warm climates | p. 89 |
| Retrofitting buildings for low/zero carbon - climate-independent solutions | p. 92 |
| Green roofs | p. 92 |
| Lighting and small appliances | p. 93 |
| Smart meters | p. 94 |
| CHP and renewable energy | p. 94 |
| Barriers and opportunities to LZC in existing buildings | p. 95 |
| Key drivers | p. 95 |
| Key challenges | p. 96 |
| References | p. 96 |
| Carbon management in cities | p. 99 |
| Introduction | p. 99 |
| Data on global cities and their carbon emissions | p. 100 |
| Broad strategies for urban carbon management | p. 103 |
| Carbon management in developed cities | p. 105 |
| Shelter | p. 105 |
| Mobility | p. 106 |
| Lifestyle | p. 106 |
| London | p. 107 |
| Tokyo | p. 113 |
| New York | p. 116 |
| Carbon management in developing cities | p. 123 |
| Mobility | p. 123 |
| Shelter | p. 124 |
| Design of the 'commons' | p. 125 |
| Food | p. 126 |
| Lifestyle | p. 127 |
| Bangkok | p. 127 |
| Singapore | p. 129 |
| Urban adaptation strategies to manage climate change | p. 132 |
| Adapting to urban warming - planning approaches to tackle the urban heat island | p. 132 |
| Adapting to flooding, sea level rise and coastal erosion | p. 136 |
| Management of urban carbon through spatial planning | p. 138 |
| Key challenges | p. 138 |
| Barriers to low carbon cities | p. 139 |
| Management and culture | p. 139 |
| Planning and design barriers | p. 140 |
| Data and technical barriers | p. 140 |
| Individual lifestyles and behaviour change | p. 141 |
| References | p. 141 |
| Operational and embodied carbon in buildings | p. 145 |
| Embodied carbon | p. 145 |
| Carbon in building materials | p. 147 |
| Energy management in buildings | p. 150 |
| Smart meters | p. 150 |
| Intelligent energy management | p. 153 |
| The role of behaviour and attitudes | p. 154 |
| Key issues faced by the construction industry | p. 156 |
| Lifecycle carbon versus energy reduction | p. 156 |
| Barriers to reducing operational carbon in the housing sector | p. 157 |
| References | p. 158 |
| Regulations, tools and accounting techniques | p. 161 |
| Regulations and incentives for low/zero carbon (LZC) buildings | p. 163 |
| Origins of building standards | p. 163 |
| International overview of building standards | p. 164 |
| Mandatory and voluntary approaches for low/zero carbon buildings | p. 166 |
| Mandatory approaches | p. 166 |
| Voluntary approaches | p. 166 |
| Feed in tariffs (FiT) | p. 171 |
| Labelling and rating schemes | p. 171 |
| Critical issues in regulations and incentive schemes | p. 173 |
| Hard to treat buildings | p. 173 |
| Tenure | p. 173 |
| Information and communications technology | p. 174 |
| World-leading regulation, RECO, California | p. 174 |
| References | p. 175 |
| Tools and assessment systems for the built environment | p. 177 |
| Tools for building carbon assessment | p. 177 |
| ISO standards | p. 178 |
| EU Energy Performance Certificates (EPCs) | p. 179 |
| Energy Star | p. 179 |
| UK National Home Energy Rating (NHER) Scheme | p. 181 |
| Code for Sustainable Homes | p. 181 |
| Scottish Sustainability Label for Domestic Buildings | p. 181 |
| Tools and techniques for urban carbon management | p. 182 |
| Developing a city carbon budget | p. 183 |
| Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) system | p. 186 |
| International Local Government GHG Emissions Analysis Protocols (IEAP) | p. 187 |
| Local authority based tools | p. 188 |
| References | p. 188 |
| Carbon, GHG and sustainability accounting | p. 190 |
| International standards - the GHG Protocols | p. 191 |
| The five principles of carbon accounting | p. 191 |
| C, CO2, CO2e and GHG emissions factors | p. 193 |
| Baselining | p. 194 |
| Scoping emissions | p. 194 |
| Setting boundaries | p. 196 |
| Carbon offsetting | p. 197 |
| Cap and trade | p. 198 |
| Baseline and credit system | p. 198 |
| Reporting | p. 200 |
| References | p. 200 |
| Carbon and GHG accounting for organisations | p. 202 |
| Scoping and setting organisational boundaries | p. 202 |
| Note on Scope 3 emissions | p. 203 |
| Example of a simple organisational scoping exercise | p. 204 |
| Protocols, standards and systems | p. 204 |
| Tools for organisational accounting | p. 206 |
| Cross-sector and sector-specific tools | p. 206 |
| Engaging staff in organisational carbon and GHG accounting | p. 206 |
| An organisational compliance scheme: the UK's CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme | p. 207 |
| References | p. 209 |
| Index | p. 210 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
