SECTION I Systems Biology of Inflammation and Regulatory Mechanisms At the Interface between Acute and Chronic Inflammation: Insights from Computational Modeling Yoram Vodovotz Inflammation in Health and Disease: A Robust, Adaptive, Multiscale System Inflammation Is a Complex System with Context-Dependent Regulation: Insights from Computational Modeling From Wound Healing to Cancer: Modeling Interrelationships among Acute Inflammation, Chronic Inflammation, and Cancer From Modeling to Rational Reprogramming of Inflammation Summary: Clinical and Basic Science Perspectives Conclusions and Future Directions Take-Home Messages Acknowledgments References The Cellular Component of Chronic Inflammation Julie Roda and Tim Eubank What is Chronic Inflammation? The Cellular Component of Chronic Inflammation Take-Home Messages References Mast Cells in Chronic Inflammation Traci A. Wilgus and Brian C. Wulff Mast Cell Biology Physiological Functions Pathological Role in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases Conclusions and Future Directions Take-Home Messages References Hypoxia and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor in Inflammation Kiichi Hirota Inflammation Interaction between Hypoxic Environment and Inflammation Canonical Signaling Pathway to Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Activation Oxygen Tension-Independent Activation of HIF Cross Talk between NF-kappaB and HIF Immunocompetent Cells and HIF Impact of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on HIF Activity Inflammatory Disorders and HIF Conclusions and Future Directions Take-Home Messages References Bioactive Phospholipid Mediators of Inflammation Sainath R. Kotha, Jordan D. Secor, Smitha Malireddy, and Narasimham L. Parinandi Salient Features of Inflammation Mediators of Inflammation Phosphatidic Acid (PA) as a Bioactive Phospholipid Mediator of Inflammation Lysophosphatidic Acid (LPA) as a Bioactive Phospholipid Mediator of Inflammation Conclusions and Future Directions Take-Home Messages Acknowledgements References Hematopoietic Stem Cells in Atherosclerotic Development and Resolution Reeva Aggarwal, Vincent J. Pompili, and Hiranmoy Das Introduction HSC Regulation of Self-Renewal Differentiation of HSCs Development of Atherosclerosis Therapies for Atherosclerosis Development of Ischemia and Therapy Conclusions and Perspectives Take-Home Messages Acknowledgments References Inflammation as a Confounding Factor in Regenerative Medicine Myron Allukian and Kenneth W. Liechty Inflammation Cells Extracellular Matrix Conclusions and Future Directions Take-Home Points References NOx in the CNS: Inflammation and Beyond Annadora J. Bruce-Keller NOx History and Structure Cell Type Specific Expression and Function in Brain Physiologic Mechanisms of NOx Signaling Conclusions and Unanswered Questions Take-Home Messages References Resolution of Inflammation Amitava Das and Sashwati Roy Introduction Cascades of Wound Healing Resolution of Inflammation Role of Micrornas in Inflammation Linking Micrornas and Lipid Mediators in Resolution of Inflammation Take-Home Messages References H2S in Inflammation Hyun-Ock Pae and Hun-Taeg Chung Introduction Dynamic Interplay of H2S with NO and CO in Inflammatory Conditions Janus Face of H2S: Its Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Effects Perspectives Take-Home Messages Acknowledgements References SECTION II Pathologies Associated with Inflammation Is There a Connection between Inflammation and Oxidative Stress? Chandrakala Aluganti Narasimhulu, Xueting Jiang, Zhaohui Yang, Krithika Selvarajan, and Sampath Parthasarathy Introduction Atherosclerosis Oxidative Stress and Atherosclerosis Inflammation and Atherosclerosis Would Anti-Inflammatories and Antioxidants Prevent Atherosclerosis? Conclusions Take-Home Messages Acknowledgements References Chronic Inflammation and Cancer: A Matter of Lifestyle Subash C. Gupta, Ji Hye Kim, Sahdeo Prasad, and Bharat B. Aggarwal What Is Inflammation? Regulation of Inflammation at the Molecular Level Lifestyle Factors That Activate Inflammation How Inflammation Causes Cancer Controlling Inflammation and Cancer Conclusion and Future Directions Take-Home Messages Acknowledgments References Chronic Wounds and Inflammation Jaideep Banerjee and Chandan K. Sen Introduction Most Common Types of Chronic Wounds Phases of Healing Wound Inflammatory Response Excess Inflammation is Associated with Impaired Wound Healing MicroRNAs in Chronic Inflammation Biofi lm and Chronic Wound Inflammation Conclusion and Future Directions Take-Home Messages References Multiphasic Roles for TGF-Beta in Scarring: Implications for Therapeutic Intervention Praveen R. Arany, George X. Huang, and Woo Seob Kim Introduction Etiopathogenesis of Scar Generation TGF-ss1 as a Plausible Link Targeting TGF-ss1 in Scar Management Conclusions and Future Directions Take-Home Messages References Natural Vitamin E Tocotrienol against Neuroinflammation and Oxidative Stress Cameron Rink and Savita Khanna Central Nervous System Immunology Tocotrienol Vitamin E Arachidonic Acid Cascade in NeuroInflammatory Disease Conclusion and Future Directions Take-Home Messages References Inflammatory Cascades in Autoimmune Disease Amita Aggarwal and Arpita Myles Introduction Rheumatoid Arthritis Take-Home Messages References Shear Stress and Vascular Inflammation: A Study in the Lung John Noel and Shampa Chatterjee Introduction Haemodynamic Forces and the Quiescent and Activated Endothelium Disturbed Flow and Inflammatory Responses of Endothelial Cells Inflammation in the Pulmonary Endothelium The Pulmonary Endothelium as a Therapeutic Target Conclusions Take-Home Messages References NGF and Its Receptor System in Inflammatory Diseases Anupam Mitra, Smriti K. Raychaudhuri, and Siba P. Raychaudhuri Neurogenic Inflammation NGF and Its Receptor NGF and Its Role in Inflammatory Cascade Role of NGF in Different Inflammatory Diseases Conclusions Take-Home Messages References SECTION III Nutrition & Therapeutics for Inflammatory Diseases Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidants Naveen Kaushal, Vivek Narayan, Ujjawal H. Gandhi, Shakira M. Nelson,Anil Kumar Kotha, and K. Sandeep Prabhu Introduction ROS Mediated Oxidative Stress as Source of Inflammation Antioxidants as Anti-Inflammatory Agents Trace Elements as Antioxidants Summary and Future Directives Acknowledgments Take-Home Messages References Lipid Biomarkers of Inflammation Ginger L. Milne Introduction Prostaglandins and Inflammation Leukotrienes and Inflammation Nonenzymatic Lipid Peroxidation: The Isoprostanes Conclusions and Future Directions Take-Home Messages References Physical Activity and Inflammation: An Overview Edite Teixeira de Lemos and Flavio Reis The State of Low-Grade Inflammation-Healthy Significance The Anti-Inflammatory Nature of Physical Activity Exercise-Induced Inflammation Physical Activity for the Treatment of Low-Grade Inflammation in Cardiometabolic Disorders: Focus on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Conclusions and Future Directions Take-Home Messages References Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Inflammatory Processes Philip C. Calder Omega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids-Naming, Biosynthesis, Sources, and Intakes Omega-6 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Cells Involved in Inflammation Arachidonic Acid Is a Precursor of Eicosanoid Mediators Involved in Inflammation Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Lipid Mediators Omega-3 Fatty Acids Decrease NFkB-Mediated Inflammatory Signaling Effects of EPA and DHA on T Cells Omega-3 Fatty Acids as a Therapeutic Option for Chronic Inflammation Conclusions Take-Home Messages References Anti-Inflammatory Phytochemicals, Obesity, and Diabetes: An Overview Srujana Rayalam, MaryAnne Della-Fera, and Clifton A. Baile Introduction Obesity and Diabetes as Major Public Health Issues Adipose Tissue as a Secretory Organ Relationship between Obesity, Diabetes, and Inflammation Complications of Obesity and Diabetes Phytochemicals in Obesity and Diabetes Perspectives Conclusions and Future Directions Take-Home Messages References Anti-Inflammatory Nutraceuticals and Herbal Medicines for the Management of Metabolic Syndrome George Q. Li, Ka H. Wong, Antony Kam, Xian Zhou, Eshaifol A. Omar, Ali Alqahtani, Kong M. Li, Valentina Razmovski-Naumovski, and Kelvin Chan Introduction Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome in Traditional Chinese Medicine Heat Clearing Chinese Herbs for Metabolic Syndrome Anti-Inflammatory Food and Tea Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Management of Metabolic Syndrome Discussion and Summary Take-Home Messages Acknowledgments References Epigenetics and Nutriepigenomics in Chronic Inflammatory Lung Diseases: Nutritional and Therapeutic Interventions Saravanan Rajendrasozhanm, Isaac K. Sundar, and Irfan Rahman Lung Inflammation and Pathogenesis of Chronic Lung Diseases (Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) Epigenetic/Epigenomic Changes Molecular Epigenomic Targets for Therapeutic Interventions Nutriepigenomics Perspectives Conclusions and Future Directions Take-Home Messages Acknowledgments References Biologics: Molecular Medicine from Bench to Bedside Ananya Datta Mitra, Siba P. Raychaudhuri, Smriti K. Raychaudhuri, and Debasis Bagchi Introduction Interplay of the Immune System in the Development of Autoimmune Disease Targets for Biologics Conclusions Take-Home Messages References Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs Nigil Haroon and Vinod Chandran Introduction Methotrexate Leflunomide Sulfasalazine Antimalarials Azathioprine Cyclosporin A Other DMARDs Conclusions Take-Home Messages References Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Alakendu Ghosh and Pradyot Sinhamahapatra Introduction History Mechanism of Action Classification Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Clinical Uses of NSAIDs How to Guide Therapy Adverse Reactions and Toxicities of NSAIDs Choice of NSAIDs Precautions for Use of NSAIDs Drug Interactions Special Situations and Toxicities Treatment Options for Patients with Gastrointestinal and Cardiovascular Risk Take-Home Messages References Web sites General Resources Index
