City Lights

Chapters 4-20 end with "ANOTHER LOOK" sections Acknowledgments Introduction PART I. AN INVITATION TO THE CITY CHAPTER 1. THE KNOWING EYE AND EAR Two Paths to Understanding the City "Acquaintance with" and "Knowledge about" Metropolitan Life Rethinking the Two Paths Understanding Chicago in its Heyday, 1890s-1920s Using Social Science and Literature as Paths to Knowledge Labor Radicalism, Industrial Progress, and Social Reform Urban Researchers and Writers: Convergent Goals The City Beautiful Chicago: Microcosm of the New Industrial Order CHAPTER 2. THINKING ABOUT CITIES What You See Depends on How You Look at It Different Modes of Understanding Academic and Occupational Perspectives Even Road Maps Contain a Point of View Expanding Our Vision of the City Fragmentation of the Social Sciences Ways of Expanding Our Vision Urban Studies Disciplinary Perspectives: The Examples of Slums and Megaslums Economics Geography Sociology Political Science Anthropology History Psychology, Social Psychology, and Social Psychiatry Public Administration City Planning and Urban Design Communications and Information Technology Environmental Studies Literature and the Arts Making Some Connections CHAPTER 3. POSING THE QUESTIONS Doing Science Reasoning, Deductive and Inductive Systematic Analysis Facts, Hypotheses, and Value Judgments Why Social Scientists Disagree Theoretical Orientations Disciplinary Perspectives Research Methods Levels of Analysis Ideologies and Values Subtle Influences on Researchers Attitudes Toward Solving "Social Problems" What Questions to Ask PART II. POLIS, METROPOLIS, MEGALOPOLIS CHAPTER 4. FROM URBAN SPECKS TO GLOBAL CITIES The First Cities Digging into Urban History What Is a City? The First Urban Settlements: An Overview The Childe Thesis: The Urban Revolution in Mesopotamia Counterviews on the Origin of Cities: Trade, the Sacred, and the Spirit of the People An Emerging Theory of Early City Making Trying to Classify Cities Preindustrial versus Industrial Cities (Sjoberg) A Sampler of Cities The Glory That Was Greece Kyoto: "The Most Japanese of Japanese Cities" From Rome to Medieval European Cities Muslim Córdoba, Spain: "The Ornament of the World" Mexico City: Imperial City, Colonial City, Megalopolis Manchester, England: Symbol of the New Industrial City Huis Ten Bosch, Japan: Theme-Park City Bom Bahia/Bombay/Mumbai/"Slumbay" Silicon Valley Shanghai, China U.S. Urban Roots Specks in the Wilderness Antiurbanism of the Intellectuals From Walking City to Streetcar Suburb CHAPTER 5. URBANIZATION AND THE URBAN SYSTEM Urbanization of the World's Population The Process of Urbanization Industrialization and Urbanization in Western Europe and North America Urbanization in Poor Countries Worldwide, the Present (and Future) Is Urban The World Urban System Globalization of Cities The International Division of Labor, Old and New U.S. Cities in the World Urban System Cities in the Global Environment CHAPTER 6. THE TIES THAT BIND What is a Community? Communities Based on Territory Communities Based on Common Culture A Sense of Community The Athenian Polis of Ancient Greece A Communal Way of Life Classical Urban Theory Typologies of the Rural-Urban Shift Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (Tönnies) Mechanical and Organic Social Solidarity (Durkheim) Culture and Civilization (Spengler) Urban Personality (Wirth) Preindustrial and Industrial Cities (Sjoberg) Adding a Third Type: Technoschaft How Useful are the Rural-Urban Typologies? Untested Hypotheses Contrary Evidence Deterministic Assumptions Contemporary Irrelevance Jumbled Variables CHAPTER 7. METROPOLITAN COMMUNITY Social Cement in the Metropolis Metropolitan Community: Alive or Extinct? One View: Metropolitan Division of Labor Alternative View: New International Division of Labor ("Needle") Urban Ecologists versus "New" Urban Theorists: A Case Study Measuring Functional Interdependence The Need for New Concepts Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) and Micropolitan Area in the United States Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA) or Megalopolis Rural and Micropolitan Areas Where Are We Headed in the United States? U.S. Population Shifts From Rural to Urban From Urban to Suburban and Postsuburban Back to the Land? From Frostbelt to Sunbelt Interpreting the Population Trends CHAPTER 8. MAKING CONNECTIONS Searching for Community, or New Houses? Suburbanization: An Almost Worldwide Phenomenon Diatribes Against "Suburbia" The Myth of Suburbia Levittown Taking the Sub Out of Suburban Energy Costs and Suburbs The Transformation of Milpitas, California, 1954-2000 ZIP Codes as Neighborhoods Placeless, Faceless Communities: Interconnectivities Social Networks A Structural Approach to Community What Now, What Next? Gated Communities Grand Dreams and Grandiose Schemes PART III. PLURIBUS VERSUS UNUM CHAPTER 9. MOVIN' ON Migrant Experiences in the United States The Old Migration Internal Migration The New Migration Some Impacts of the Newcomers From Ellis Island to LAX Adjustments to Urban Life Irish Catholics and East European Jews in New York City Chicanos and Koreans in Los Angeles International Migration and Internal Migration Globally Numbers, Definitions, and Data Issues Internal Migrants The Need for New U.S. Models Cubans in Miami "Global Villagers" CHAPTER 10. IDENTITY CRISIS Worldwide Ethnographies Global Identity . . . . . . versus the Pull of "Lesser Loyalties" Civics versus Ethnics What Happened to the U.S. Melting Pot? Race, Ethnicity, and Minority Groups From Minority to Majority A Clash of Values: White Ethnics versus WASP Superculture Once Again, the Entanglement of Race/Ethnicity and Class The Grand Canyon Symbolic Ethnicity Feelings and Food The Stewpot Native Americans: The Unassimilated African Americans: Permanent Underclass? Hispanics/Latinos: Climbing Up? Making It: Japanese Americans Gays and Lesbians: Like an Ethnic Group? Multiculturalism PART IV. RULES OF THE GAME CHAPTER 11. SOCIAL LADDERS Two Ways of Looking at Social Stratification: Marx and Weber Living on the Cusp Marx and Weber: No Specifically Urban Theory Marx and the Concept of Class "Dream Up, Blame Down" Marx, the Inescapable Critic Weber's View of Social Stratification: Class, Status, Power Conceptual Updates The American Class Structure Current Debate: Does Class Still Matter? Cultural Capital Studies of Urban Social Stratification in the United States Yankee City: Lifestyles in a New England Town Jonesville: A Typical Town, and How Its People Justify Inequality Studies of Particular Strata in the City Global Social Stratification Research Veracruz, Mexico; Central and Eastern Europe; and China Globalization and Inequality Other Variables Influencing Social Rank Religion Ethnicity, Religion, and Region Race and Ethnicity Ethclass Gender Women in Cities Age CHAPTER 12. DISCOVERING THE RULES Taking a Fresh Look at the Familiar Pedestrian Behavior Subway Behavior Eavesdropping: Urbanites as Spies Bar Behavior ATM Behavior Office Behavior: A Comparative Look Everyday Games and Dramas Whose Games Do We Play? "The Definition of the Situation" (Thomas) Social Order Amid Multiple Realities "The Presentation of Self" (Goffman) Walking the Tightrope Minimizing Involvement, Maximizing Social Order Constructing Social Reality The Public Definition of Reality Combining Micro- and Macroanalysis to Study Social Behavior Case Study: Tally's Corner PART V. WHO RUNS THIS TOWN? CHAPTER 13. THE SKELETON OF POWER "Who Runs This Town" The Scope of Government Government's Limited Scope in the United States Paradoxical Attitudes Toward Government Public-Private Sector Relationships The "Proper" Role of Local Government Local Political Environments Cities as Creatures of Their State General Law Cities and Charter Cities Dillon's Rule Changing Relationships State Legislatures and City Interests Suburbs versus Cities "Urbanization of the Suburbs" Local Governments in a Global Society: "Taking Responsibility for the Sky" Forms of City Government Mayor-Council Form Council-Manager Form Commission Form Organization of City Governments Mayors, Strong or Weak Hyperpluralism and Government by Bureaucrats The Context of Local Government Fragmentation of the Metropolis Special Districts Counties (Including Urban Counties) The State's Role in Urban Affairs Areawide Planning Efforts Changing Governmental Structures and Patterns Broad Regional Government? Traditional Responses and Minor Adaptations Innovative Experiments Privatization of Public Services The Report Card The Federal Role in Urban Affairs Expansion of Federal Involvement in U.S. Life, 1930s-1950s How Federal Policy Affected Postwar Housing and Transportation From Federalism to the New Federalism, 1960s-1992 A Nameless Period: 1992-Summer 2008 The Question Reconsidered: Who Runs This Town? Case Study: What Bananas Learned About the Formal Structure of Government CHAPTER 14. BOSSES, BOODLERS, AND REFORMERS The City Political Machine A Bunch of Crooks or Friend of the Poor? How City Machines Work(ed) What Services Machines Provide(d) Case Study: New York City's Tweed Ring, 1866-1871 Case Study: The Richard J. Daley Machine in Chicago, 1955-1976--and Way Beyond Why Machines Rise Why Machines Fall Local Government Reform The Goo-Goos: A Disparate Lot Thrusts of the Reform Movement How Successful Were the Reformers? Bosses and Machines: An Update Robert Moses, Newer-Style Boss The Local-National Connection CHAPTER 15. GETTING THINGS DONE Coalition Politics U.S. Case Study: The Fight over Yerba Buena Community Power The Elitist Model The Pluralist Model The City-as-a-Growth-Machine Model Comparing the Models Why the Theorists Disagree Applying These Models Elsewhere Citizen Politics Citizen Participation Dark Shadows Electronic Democracy? Case Study Continued: How Bananas Learned Who Runs This Town and Got Some Things Done PART VI. SPACE AND PLACE CHAPTER 16. METROPOLITAN FORM AND SPACE Bringing Space Back In Henri Lefebvre's Influence The System of Cities Central Place Theory Does Central Place Theory Work Today? The U.S. System of Cities Classifying Cities by Function Newer Spatial Models The Global Network of Cities The Internal Structure of U.S. Cities Classic Models How Useful Are the Classic Models? Social Area Analysis: A Method of Investigating Urban Growth and Differentiation Computer Models of Urban Structure Perspectives on Metropolitan Space Since the 1970s The Political Economy Model or the "New" Urban Paradigm The Multinucleated Metropolitan Region Model (or "Polycentric Urban Region") Where People Live How Race and Ethnicity Affect Housing Patterns What People Live In How Age Affects Housing Patterns Gentrification Economic Activities in U.S. Metropolitan Space Central Business District Decentralized and Multicentered Commercial Activities Manufacturing CHAPTER 17. A SENSE OF PLACE Perception: Filtering Reality Cultural Filters Social Filters Psychological Filters Perceiving the Built Environment Architecture as Symbolic Politics Las Vegas, Nevada China: Shaping an Emerging National Identity Does Environment Determine Behavior? Case Study: Pruitt-Igoe St. Louis Case Study 2: Cabrini-Green, Chicago The Spirit and Energy of Place Genius Loci Feng Shui Experiencing Personal Space Personal Space as Protective Bubble Personalizing Our Space: Home Territories "The Architecture of Despair" Privatization of Domestic Public Space Privatization of Once-Public Space Experiencing Social Space Public and Private Space as Symbol Colonizing Social Space Street People's Turf Streets Globalization and the Experience of "Somewhere" Policy Implications Environmental Psychology Key Concepts and Research Thrusts Rats, Chickens, and People Shaping Space Design Principles Designing the Natural Environment The Image of the City Making the City Observable Designers, Grand and Less Grand Pierre-Charles L'Enfant's Washington, D.C. Utopian Visionaries Company Towns: Lowell, Massachusetts, and Pullman, Illinois Baron Haussmann's Paris The City Beautiful Movement Ebenezer Howard's Garden City Megastructures or Ministructures? Postnationalist Architecture The New Urbanism Celebration, Florida: Walt Disney Meets Norman Rockwell? Other Alternatives "Green" Structures Car-less Communities? PART VII. PAYING THEIR WAY CHAPTER 18. PRODUCING, CONSUMING, EXCHANGING, TAXING, AND SPENDING Political Economy: A Beginning Vocabulary Supply, Demand, Price, and the Market Mechanism Profit Utility Externalities Equity Efficiency An Alternative Vocabulary Capital Surplus Value Monopoly Capitalism Late Capitalism Social Structures of Accumulation The Informational Mode of Development A Participatory Budget A Newer Vocabulary Restorative Economy and Sustainability The Economy of Metropolitan Areas Cities and MSAs in the National and Global Economies Basic and Nonbasic Sectors The Underground Economy Identifying Basic Sector Industries Case Study: Caliente How Globalization Affects Local Finance A Volatile Global Economy Paying for Local Services International Trends U.S. National, Regional, and State Trends and Policies CHAPTER 19. BLUE-COLLAR, WHITE-COLLAR, NO-COLLAR, SHIRTLESS THE POSTWORK SOCIETY The Human Dimension: Work and the Individual Lowell, Massachusetts: Working Conditions of America's First Female Labor Force New England to the New South to Offshore: More Hard Times in the Mill Modern Times Alienation The Anomic Division of Labor Worker Satisfaction, Overwork, and Stress Worker Underwork--and Stress Local Occupational Structures The Relationship of Jobs to Social Climate and Governance Changing U.S. Employment Patterns Contingent or Temporary Work The Dual City The Dual Nation Poverty in U.S. Metropolitan Areas Defining Poverty Who Are the U.S. Metropolitan Poor? Why Are They Poor? Tally's Corner: What Should Be Done About Poverty? FINALE: TO BE CONTINUED Brief Biographies Index