| List of figures and tables | p. ix |
| Acknowledgements | p. xi |
| Introduction: Vulnerability Assessment in the Context of Multiple Levels and Impacts | p. 1 |
| Understanding change and societies in flux | p. 1 |
| Research questions | p. 3 |
| Organization of the book | p. 6 |
| Structuring the Conceptions of Change | p. 9 |
| Vulnerability assessment | p. 9 |
| The concepts of vulnerability and adaptive capacity | p. 9 |
| The history of vulnerability assessment | p. 12 |
| The extension of climate change vulnerability assessment to social vulnerability | p. 14 |
| Community-based and double-exposure approaches | p. 17 |
| Assessing vulnerability and adaptive capacity | p. 19 |
| Adaptation as a political process | p. 23 |
| A focus on multi-level governance for vulnerability assessment | p. 26 |
| Analysing, organizing and understanding large-scale change | p. 29 |
| Conceiving of multiple impacts: Definitions of economic and political globalization | p. 32 |
| Economic globalization | p. 32 |
| Political globalization | p. 35 |
| A framework for assessing vulnerability and adaptive capacity to multiple stresses | p. 37 |
| A Methodology for Vulnerability Assessment | p. 39 |
| The approach to vulnerability assessment in this work | p. 39 |
| Stakeholder-defined nested scale levels and stressors | p. 40 |
| Relation of the study to participatory and modelling-focused vulnerability assessment | p. 42 |
| A structure for vulnerability assessment | p. 44 |
| Overview of the methodology | p. 44 |
| Case study selection | p. 44 |
| Case study areas | p. 46 |
| Methodology and material | p. 48 |
| Identification of governance networks and norms | p. 52 |
| Synthesis of climate change scenario and impacts literature | p. 53 |
| General impacts of climate change | p. 54 |
| Impacts of climate change on forestry | p. 57 |
| Impacts of climate change on reindeer herding | p. 58 |
| Impacts of climate change on fishing | p. 59 |
| Understanding change | p. 59 |
| Perceptions of Change, Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity among Forest Industry Stakeholders in Northern Sweden and Finland | p. 61 |
| Introduction: The organization of forestry in Sweden and Finland | p. 61 |
| Socioeconomic change in the industry | p. 62 |
| Rationalization and technological change over time | p. 63 |
| Impacts on smaller actors: The example of small sawmills | p. 65 |
| The mobility of larger actors and dependence on resource access | p. 66 |
| The changing role of the state | p. 68 |
| The political network influencing the forest industry | p. 69 |
| Support possibilities at the local and regional levels | p. 70 |
| National legislation and support | p. 71 |
| International normative changes: Environmental protection as a priority | p. 74 |
| Nature reserves | p. 75 |
| Certification: Socioeconomic and political globalization? | p. 78 |
| The governance network as perceived by local forestry | p. 80 |
| Climate and climate change | p. 84 |
| Climate impacts on forestry in autumn and winter | p. 85 |
| Spring and summer | p. 87 |
| Conclusion: Vulnerability and adaptive capacity in forestry | p. 92 |
| Adaptations at the company level and in employment | p. 92 |
| Adaptation in the context of administration and policy | p. 94 |
| Particular adaptations to climate: Climate change as an addition to an increasing resource problematique | p. 95 |
| The nature of adaptation | p. 96 |
| Perceptions of Change, Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity among Reindeer Herding Stakeholders in Northern Norway, Sweden and Finland | p. 99 |
| Introduction: The organization of reindeer herding in Norway, Sweden and Finland | p. 99 |
| Reindeer herding organizations and practices | p. 100 |
| Socioeconomic changes in reindeer herding | p. 103 |
| Increased mechanization, costs and supplementary feeding | p. 104 |
| Supplementary feeding | p. 107 |
| The meat market, meat prices and profitability | p. 110 |
| Solutions to the meat market problem: Refining and marketing to increase consumption | p. 112 |
| Political change in the sector: Legislation and support | p. 114 |
| National systems for financial support and stabilizing the number of reindeer | p. 115 |
| Impacts on reindeer herding from multiple use of forests | p. 120 |
| International norms and regulation impacting reindeer herding | p. 123 |
| The governance network perceived by reindeer herding | p. 127 |
| Climate change | p. 131 |
| Autumn and winter | p. 132 |
| Spring and summer | p. 135 |
| Conclusion: Vulnerability and adaptive capacity in reindeer herding | p. 138 |
| Adaptations at the individual level to economic changes | p. 139 |
| Adaptation within the governance and political regulatory framework | p. 140 |
| Adaptation to climate change | p. 141 |
| The vulnerability of reindeer herding | p. 142 |
| Perceptions of Change, Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity among Fishing Stakeholders in Northernmost Norway | p. 145 |
| Introduction: Fishing organizations in Norway | p. 145 |
| The socioeconomic change in fishing | p. 148 |
| Change over time | p. 148 |
| The quota system and fishing economy | p. 152 |
| Market adaptations: Different types of fish processing | p. 154 |
| Political and organizational change in fishing | p. 156 |
| Contested fishing rights | p. 156 |
| Local and regional-level support for fishing | p. 159 |
| National-level state and interest group decision-making and quota allocation | p. 161 |
| The impact of international norms and the international and EU levels | p. 164 |
| The governance network perceived by local small-scale fishing | p. 165 |
| Environmental and climate change in fishing | p. 168 |
| Environmental influences on fish populations | p. 168 |
| Climate change | p. 169 |
| Autumn and winter | p. 170 |
| Spring and summer | p. 171 |
| Conclusion: Vulnerability and adaptive capacity | p. 175 |
| Individual adaptations | p. 175 |
| Larger-scale adaptation within the governance network | p. 176 |
| Adaptations to climate change | p. 177 |
| The vulnerability of local fishing | p. 178 |
| Conclusion | p. 179 |
| Economic, political and environmental changes | p. 179 |
| Economic globalization? | p. 180 |
| Political globalization? The pattern of governance and the role of traditional policy actors | p. 182 |
| Interaction between economic and political globalization: Governance by the state and the market | p. 184 |
| Is globalization a key determinant of change? | p. 186 |
| Is globalization a key determinant of social vulnerability and adaptive capacity? | p. 188 |
| Climate change | p. 190 |
| Conclusion: Summary of vulnerability, adaptive capacity and types of adaptation in the areas | p. 192 |
| Notes | p. 197 |
| References | p. 231 |
| Index | p. 247 |
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