Preface | p. xiii |
About the Author | p. xvii |
Culture, Behavior, and Pathology | |
What Is Cultural Psychiatry? | p. 1 |
Cultural Psychiatry: Definition and Scope | p. 1 |
Culturally Competent Psychiatric Practice | p. 3 |
How Does Culture Impact Mind and Behavior? | p. 4 |
What Is Culture? | p. 4 |
Marriage and the Family | p. 13 |
Child Development and Enculturation | p. 20 |
Personality and Ethnic Identity | p. 28 |
Customs, Beliefs, and Rituals | p. 36 |
Adulthood, Aging, and Death | p. 40 |
How Does Culture Relate to Pathology? | p. 46 |
Different Ways Culture Contributes to Pathology | p. 47 |
Cultural Impact on Different Groups of Psychopathology | p. 51 |
References | p. 53 |
Culture, Stress, and Illness Reactions | |
Culture and Stress | p. 59 |
Stress Created by Culturally Formed Anxiety | p. 59 |
Stress Induced by Special Culturally Prescribed Roles and Duties | p. 60 |
Stress Produced by Culturally Demanding Performance | p. 61 |
Stress Imposed by Cultural Limitations on Behavior Expression | p. 63 |
Problems Due to Cultural Regulations of Choice | p. 64 |
Problems That Arise from Sociocultural Discrimination | p. 65 |
Problems Induced by Rapid Cultural Change | p. 65 |
Problems Related to Cultural Uprooting or Destruction | p. 66 |
Culture-Shaped Coping Patterns | p. 67 |
Folk Explanations of Mental Problems | p. 69 |
Supernatural Explanations | p. 70 |
Natural Explanations | p. 71 |
Somato-Medical Explanations | p. 72 |
Psychological Explanations | p. 73 |
Traditional Medicine and Concepts of Disorders | p. 74 |
Chinese Traditional Medicine | p. 74 |
Ayurvedic Medicine | p. 77 |
Galenic-Islamic Medicine | p. 78 |
Illness Behavior: Recognition and Help-Seeking | p. 79 |
Folk and Professional Mental Disorders Recognized | p. 79 |
Distinction between "Illness" and "Disease" | p. 79 |
Sick Role and the Reactions of Others | p. 82 |
Help-Seeking Behavior and Pathways | p. 84 |
Service Utilization and Compliance | p. 85 |
References | p. 85 |
Culture and Psychopathology: Specific Phenomena | |
Culture-Related Specific Syndromes | p. 89 |
What Are Culture-Related Specific Syndromes? | p. 89 |
Culture-Related Beliefs as Causes of the Occurrence (Pathogenetic Effects) | p. 90 |
Culture-Patterned Specific Coping Reactions (Pathoselective Effect) | p. 102 |
Culture-Shaped Variations of Psychopathology (Psychoplastic Effect) | p. 107 |
Culturally Elaborated Unique Behavior (Psychoelaborating Effect) | p. 112 |
Cultural Influence of Prevalent Occurrence of Disorders (Pathofacilitating Effects) | p. 118 |
Cultural Interpretation of Certain Mental Conditions (Pathoreactive Effect) | p. 119 |
Other Questionable Conditions | p. 121 |
Final Comments | p. 122 |
Epidemic or Collective Mental Disorders | p. 124 |
What Is Epidemic Mental Disorder? | p. 124 |
Some Epidemic Episodes | p. 125 |
Overview: Frequency, Mechanisms, and Dynamic | p. 133 |
References | p. 136 |
Culture and Psychopathology: General Disorders | |
Anxiety Disorders | p. 144 |
Diagnostic Distribution of Anxiety Disorders | p. 144 |
Cultural Aspects of Various Types of Anxiety Disorders | p. 147 |
Depression Disorders | p. 150 |
Introduction and Clarification | p. 150 |
Variations in Clinical Pictures | p. 152 |
Cultural Contribution to Causes of Depression | p. 154 |
Dissociation, Possession Disorders, and Hysteria | p. 155 |
Introduction and Clarification | p. 155 |
Various Types of Disorders | p. 157 |
Hysteria | p. 162 |
Somatoform Disorders, Including Neurasthenia | p. 163 |
Introduction and Clarification | p. 163 |
Cultural Perspectives of Some Forms of Disorders | p. 165 |
Alcohol-Related Problems | p. 169 |
Factors and Problems Related to Drinking | p. 169 |
Drinking and Problems in Various Societies | p. 173 |
Other Substance Abuse | p. 177 |
Introduction | p. 177 |
Historical Episodes or Unique Situations in Some Societies | p. 178 |
Epidemiological Findings from Various Societies | p. 180 |
Eating Problems | p. 183 |
Introduction and Clarification | p. 183 |
Information from Different Sociocultural Settings | p. 185 |
Integration and Comments | p. 188 |
Suicide Behavior | p. 189 |
Committed Suicide | p. 190 |
Suicide Attempts | p. 197 |
Clinical Implications | p. 197 |
Personality Disorders | p. 198 |
General Debates about Personality Disorders | p. 198 |
Cultural Influence on Personality Disorders | p. 199 |
Specific Categories of Personality Disorders | p. 199 |
Sexual Disorders | p. 201 |
Ethology and Anthropological View of Sexual Behavior | p. 202 |
Cultural Aspects of Sexual Disorders | p. 202 |
Schizophrenic Disorder | p. 204 |
Concerning Clinical Manifestation | p. 204 |
Regarding Causative Social Variables | p. 205 |
Studying Frequency of Disorder | p. 206 |
Examining Clinical Prognosis | p. 207 |
References | p. 209 |
Culturally Competent Clinical Assessment | |
The Need for Cultural Competence | p. 219 |
Sharpening of Cultural Sensitivity | p. 220 |
Acquiring Cultural Knowledge | p. 221 |
Enhancement of Cultural Empathy | p. 221 |
Adjustment of Culturally Relevant Relations and Interactions | p. 222 |
Establishment of Ability for Cultural Guidance | p. 223 |
Culturally Relevant Assessment and Diagnosis | p. 225 |
Therapist-Patient Relations | p. 226 |
Interview and Communication | p. 228 |
Assessment and Diagnosis | p. 232 |
Culturally Adjusted Psychological Measurement | p. 246 |
Basic Considerations: Methodological Issues | p. 247 |
Instruments and Cross-Cultural Applications | p. 250 |
Possible Resolution for Transcultural Application | p. 254 |
References | p. 255 |
Culturally Competent Clinical Care | |
Inpatient Psychiatric Care | p. 260 |
General Concerns | p. 260 |
Special Issues | p. 261 |
Outpatient Psychiatric Care | p. 264 |
Overall Issues | p. 264 |
Special Matters | p. 265 |
Psychiatric Emergency Service | p. 267 |
General Problems | p. 267 |
Special Challenge | p. 268 |
Consultation-Liaison Service | p. 269 |
Medical Issues That Need to Be Dealt with | p. 269 |
Culturally Stigmatized Medical Diseases | p. 273 |
Sex-Related Medical Conditions or Issues | p. 274 |
Culturally and Ethically Controversial Medical Practices | p. 275 |
Key Areas for Clinical Attention | p. 276 |
Psychiatric Nursing Care | p. 277 |
General Issues | p. 277 |
Special Issues Relating to Nursing Care | p. 278 |
Mental Health Social Work | p. 280 |
Common Issues | p. 280 |
Special Functions and Services | p. 281 |
Forensic Psychiatric Service | p. 283 |
General Issues | p. 283 |
Cultural Issues | p. 284 |
Clinical Matters | p. 285 |
Comments and Suggestions | p. 286 |
References | p. 287 |
Culturally Competent Psychotherapy | |
Intercultural Psychotherapy: Challenges and Competence | p. 291 |
Orientation to Psychotherapy | p. 292 |
Communication in Therapy | p. 294 |
The Art of Using an Interpreter | p. 299 |
Therapist-Patient Relationship | p. 302 |
Assessment and Understanding of Problems | p. 305 |
Interpretation and Giving Advice | p. 306 |
Goals of Psychotherapy | p. 307 |
Cultural Adjustments of Psychotherapy | p. 309 |
Cultural Considerations in Various Modes of Therapy | p. 311 |
Individual Psychotherapy | p. 311 |
Interpersonal Psychotherapy | p. 313 |
Cultural Application and Supervision of Psychotherapy | p. 317 |
Various Situations in Which Culture Plays a Role in Clinical Cases | p. 318 |
Various Circumstances That Warrant Attention to Cultural Matters | p. 322 |
Transcultural Supervision in Psychotherapy | p. 324 |
Comparison of Folk, Unique, and Common Therapies | p. 325 |
Culture-Embedded Indigenous Healing Practices | p. 325 |
Culture-Influenced Unique Psychotherapies | p. 330 |
Culture-Related Common Psychotherapies | p. 334 |
Comparison and Synthesis | p. 336 |
Integration: Cultural Implications of Psychotherapy | p. 337 |
References | p. 338 |
Ethnicity, Culture, and Drug Therapy | |
What Do We Know about Ethnicity and Psychopharmacology? | p. 343 |
Basic Concepts: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics | p. 344 |
Genetic-Related Factors | p. 344 |
Nongenetic Biological Factors | p. 346 |
How Does Culture Affect Giving and Taking Medication? | p. 347 |
Medicine Taking as a Part of Illness Behavior | p. 347 |
Medicine and Mode of Administration | p. 348 |
Meaning of Medication | p. 349 |
References | p. 351 |
Culture and Therapy with Special Subgroups | |
Children | p. 353 |
Cultural Aspects of Development and Psychology | p. 353 |
Culture-Related Special Issues | p. 354 |
Some Mental Health Problems | p. 358 |
Therapeutic Considerations | p. 363 |
Adolescents | p. 365 |
Psychological Development | p. 365 |
Common Psychological Challenges | p. 365 |
Unique Psychological Problems | p. 366 |
Some Mental Disorders Commonly Related to Adolescents | p. 368 |
Fundamental Therapeutic Considerations | p. 369 |
Common Issues to Be Addressed in Therapy | p. 370 |
Some Groups Needing Special Attention | p. 372 |
Aged Persons | p. 374 |
Psychological Problems Encountered | p. 374 |
Psychotherapy for the Elderly | p. 377 |
Women | p. 382 |
General Issues: Cultural Discrimination against Women | p. 382 |
Common Mental Health Problems Relating to Women | p. 383 |
General Psychiatric Problems: Trends for Women | p. 384 |
Some Attention Needed for Therapy | p. 386 |
Special Considerations for Particular Services | p. 388 |
Couples | p. 389 |
Culture and Marital Problems | p. 389 |
Intercultural Marriage | p. 394 |
Cultural Considerations in Working with Couples | p. 397 |
Families | p. 402 |
Formulations of Family and Psychopathology | p. 402 |
Culture-Related Family Problems: Common Issues | p. 403 |
Special Family Problems: Some Examples | p. 404 |
Cultural Considerations of Family Therapy | p. 406 |
References | p. 408 |
Culture-Oriented Care of Different Ethnic Groups | |
African-American Groups | p. 414 |
General Issues | p. 414 |
Mental-Health-Related Problems | p. 416 |
Therapeutic Considerations and Clinical Suggestions | p. 419 |
Asian-American Groups | p. 419 |
General Issues | p. 419 |
Mental-Health-Related Problems | p. 422 |
Therapeutic Considerations and Clinical Suggestions | p. 423 |
European-American Groups | p. 424 |
General Issues | p. 424 |
Mental-Health-Related Problems | p. 426 |
Therapeutic Considerations and Clinical Suggestions | p. 427 |
Hispanic-American Groups | p. 429 |
General Issues | p. 429 |
Mental-Health-Related Problems | p. 430 |
Therapeutic Considerations and Clinical Suggestions | p. 432 |
Native-American Groups | p. 433 |
General Issues | p. 433 |
Mental-Health-Related Problems | p. 435 |
Therapeutic Considerations and Clinical Suggestions | p. 437 |
References | p. 441 |
Some Social Phenomena and Therapeutic Considerations | |
Sociocultural Change, Migration, and Refuge | p. 446 |
Cultural Change | p. 446 |
Migration | p. 448 |
Refugees | p. 451 |
Minorities | p. 454 |
Race or Ethnicity | p. 455 |
Gender | p. 456 |
Sexual Orientation | p. 457 |
Physical Condition | p. 457 |
Young and Old Age | p. 458 |
Social Discrimination | p. 458 |
Therapeutic Implications | p. 461 |
Group Violence and Collective Homicide | p. 462 |
Various Phenomena | p. 462 |
Ethnic or Racial Conflict as the Cause | p. 465 |
Religion | p. 466 |
Major Religions | p. 467 |
Other Religions or Movements in America | p. 472 |
Religion and Psychopathology | p. 474 |
Religion, Mental Health, and Therapy | p. 476 |
References | p. 482 |
Subject Index | p. 487 |
Table of Contents provided by Rittenhouse. All Rights Reserved. |