| What Are Sand Dunes? | |
| A Perspective on Coastal Dunes | p. 3 |
| Coastal Dunes and Their Occurrence | p. 3 |
| Relevance of Coastal Dunes | p. 3 |
| Current Conservation Status | p. 5 |
| Aims and Scope of the Book | p. 6 |
| References | p. 10 |
| The Coastal Foredune: A Morphological Basis for Regional Coastal Dune Development | p. 11 |
| Conceptual Setting | p. 11 |
| Dichotomies of Inquiry | p. 12 |
| Dune Morphology Related to Sediment Supply and Dune-Beach Exchange | p. 15 |
| Continuum Scenario | p. 17 |
| River Mouth Discharge | p. 18 |
| Scenario Complexity | p. 20 |
| General Model | p. 22 |
| Humans as a Variable | p. 24 |
| Conclusions | p. 24 |
| References | p. 25 |
| Coastal Dunes in the Tropics and Temperate Regions: Location, Formation, Morphology and Vegetation Processes | p. 28 |
| Introduction | p. 28 |
| Climatic Conditions in the Tropics | p. 28 |
| The Location of Coastal Dunes in the Tropics | p. 30 |
| Are There Differences Between Tropical and Temperate Coastal Dunes Types and Processes? | p. 33 |
| Foredunes | p. 34 |
| Flow Dynamics in Vegetation | p. 34 |
| Tropical Versus Temperate Foredune Trends and Morphologies | p. 35 |
| Gross Dune-Field Morphology | p. 37 |
| Rate of Dune-Field Vegetation Colonisation and Re-Vegetation Processes | p. 39 |
| Types of Dune-Field Vegetation Colonisation and Dune Morphologies | p. 40 |
| Conclusions | p. 44 |
| References | p. 45 |
| The Flora and Fauna of Sand Dunes | |
| Temperate Zone Coastal Dunes | p. 53 |
| Coastal Zone Temperate Climates | p. 53 |
| Coastal Dunes of Western North America | p. 56 |
| Conservation and Management | p. 60 |
| References | p. 64 |
| Vegetation Dynamics and Succession in Sand Dunes of the Eastern Coasts of Africa | p. 67 |
| Introduction | p. 67 |
| Successional Change Along the Southern African Coast | p. 67 |
| Studies on Prograding Dune Fields | p. 68 |
| Studies on Transgressive Dune Fields and Partially Eroding Coastlines | p. 73 |
| Studies on Rocky Shores and Eroding Coastlines | p. 76 |
| Changes in Dune succession Dune to Aliens | p. 76 |
| The Effect of Ammophila arenaria as a Dune Pioneer on the Southern Cape coast | p. 76 |
| The Effect of Invasive Communities of Acacia cyclops in the Southern and Eastern Cape | p. 78 |
| Introduction of Casuarina equisetifolia as a Dune Stabilizer | p. 79 |
| Discussion | p. 80 |
| Distinguishing the Mechanism of Succession with Indigenous Pioneers | p. 80 |
| Effects of Aliens and the Need for Dune Stabilization | p. 81 |
| Conservation of Biodiversity and Dune Ecosystems, and Future Studies | p. 81 |
| References | p. 82 |
| Coastal Dune Slacks | p. 85 |
| Introduction | p. 85 |
| The Dune Slack Environment | p. 86 |
| Hydrological System | p. 86 |
| Adaptations to Flooding and Low Nutrient Supply | p. 87 |
| Succession in Dune Slacks | p. 87 |
| Nutrient Limitation During Succession | p. 89 |
| Seed Banks and Succession | p. 89 |
| Stability of Pioneer Stages | p. 92 |
| Disturbances in Ecosystem Functioning | p. 95 |
| Restoration of Dune Slacks | p. 97 |
| References | p. 99 |
| Coastal Dune Forest Rehabilitation: A Case Study on Rodent and Bird Assemblages in Northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa | p. 103 |
| Introduction | p. 103 |
| Study Area | p. 104 |
| Indian Ocean Coastal Dunes | p. 104 |
| The Coastal Sand Dune Forests of KwaZulu-Natal | p. 104 |
| The Post-Mining Rehabilitation ofCoastal Dunes | p. 105 |
| Materials and Methods | p. 107 |
| Rodents | p. 107 |
| Birds | p. 107 |
| Results and Discussion | p. 108 |
| Rodents | p. 108 |
| Birds | p. 112 |
| Conclusions | p. 113 |
| References | p. 114 |
| Living in a Stressful Environment | |
| Burial of Plants as a Selective Force in Sand Dunes | p. 119 |
| Introduction | p. 119 |
| Storm Damage ofForedunes-A Case History | p. 120 |
| Return | p. 121 |
| Re-Establishment | p. 123 |
| A Conceptual Model of Plant Response to Burial | p. 124 |
| Post-Burial Responses ofPlants | p. 125 |
| Seeds and Seed Bank | p. 125 |
| Seedlings | p. 127 |
| Adult Plants | p. 128 |
| Plant Communities | p. 128 |
| Burial-The Primary Cause ofZonation | p. 129 |
| Degeneration Response | p. 130 |
| Stimulation Response | p. 131 |
| Summary | p. 132 |
| References | p. 133 |
| Physiological Characteristics of Coastal Dune Pioneer Species from the Eastern Cape, South Africa, in Relation to Stress and Disturbance | p. 137 |
| Introduction | p. 137 |
| A Conceptual Model of Resource Limitation and Plant Performance | p. 138 |
| Study Site, Species and Parameters Measured | p. 140 |
| Water Relations | p. 141 |
| Mineral Nutrients | p. 144 |
| Photosynthetic Characteristics | p. 144 |
| Growth Rates | p. 146 |
| Stress and Disturbance | p. 150 |
| Conclusions | p. 152 |
| References | p. 153 |
| Plant Functional Types in Coastal Dune Habitats | p. 155 |
| Plant Functional Types | p. 155 |
| Dune Habitats as Environmental Islands | p. 157 |
| Adverse Interactions | p. 159 |
| Some Examples of Application of Plant FTs to Dune Vegetation Analysis | p. 159 |
| Dune Habitat Confinement | p. 164 |
| Conclusions | p. 166 |
| References | p. 167 |
| Biotic Interactions | |
| Arbuscular Mycorrhizas in Coastal Dunes | p. 173 |
| Introduction | p. 173 |
| Life History of AM Fungi in Sand Dunes | p. 174 |
| AM Fungi in Sand Dunes | p. 176 |
| Seasonality ofAM Fungi in Sand Dunes | p. 177 |
| Effects ofArbuscular Mycorrhizas on the Establishment and Growth of Sand Dune Plants | p. 178 |
| Arbuscular Mycorrhizas and Sand Dune Succession | p. 181 |
| Arbuscular Mycorrhizas in Sand Dune Restoration and Stabilization | p. 183 |
| References | p. 184 |
| The Role ofAlgal Mats on Community Succession in Dunes and Dune Slacks | p. 189 |
| Introduction | p. 189 |
| Hydrological Dynamics of Slacks in Coastal Dune Systems | p. 89 |
| Algal Communities in Slacks and Other Coastal Zones | p. 90 |
| The Role of Algae During Primary Succession | p. 193 |
| A Study Case on the Gulf of Mexico | p. 197 |
| Importance ofAlgae for Slack Conservation | p. 200 |
| Conclusions | p. 201 |
| References | p. 202 |
| Plant-Plant Interactions in Coastal Dunes | p. 205 |
| Introduction | p. 205 |
| Facilitation | p. 207 |
| Competition | p. 209 |
| Grass Encroachment | p. 210 |
| Invasive Plants | p. 212 |
| Epiphytes | p. 213 |
| Non-Parasites | p. 213 |
| Parasites | p. 216 |
| Conclusions | p. 217 |
| References | p. 218 |
| Ant-Plant Interactions: Their Seasonal Variation and Effects on Plant Fitness | p. 221 |
| Importance of Interspecific Interactions | p. 221 |
| Richness and Seasonal Variation of Ant-Plant Interactions | p. 222 |
| Importance of Nectar to Ants in Tropical Seasonal Environments | p. 225 |
| Effect of Ants on Plant Fitness | p. 227 |
| Myrmecophylla (Schomburgkia tibicinis) christinae (Orchidaceae) | p. 229 |
| Paullinia fuscescens (Sapindaceae) | p. 231 |
| Opuntia stricta (Cactaceae) | p. 232 |
| Turnera ulmifolia (Turneraceae) | p. 234 |
| Conclusion | p. 235 |
| References | p. 236 |
| Environmental Problems and Conservation | |
| Environmental Problems and Restoration Measures in Coastal Dunes in the Netherland | p. 243 |
| Introduction | p. 243 |
| Differences Between Renodunaal and Wadden Districts | p. 244 |
| Impact of Availability of P on Biomass Production and Successional Trends | p. 245 |
| Renodunaal District | p. 245 |
| Wadden District | p. 247 |
| Effect of Mineralization of Nitrogen | p. 247 |
| Impact of Litter Production | p. 247 |
| Impact ofLitter Decomposition | p. 249 |
| Role of Ammophila arenaria in the Wadden District | p. 250 |
| Restoration | p. 250 |
| Effect ofGrazing and Annual Mowing | p. 251 |
| Effect of Sod Cutting | p. 253 |
| Effect ofIncreased Aeolian Activity | p. 254 |
| Concluding Remarks | p. 255 |
| References | p. 256 |
| The Costs of our Coasts: Examples of Dynamic Dune Management from Western Europe | p. 259 |
| Introduction | p. 259 |
| Coastal Dunes: Dynamic Systems and Management | p. 259 |
| Examples from Western Europe: England and The Netherlands | p. 261 |
| The Sefton Coast (England) | p. 262 |
| Area | p. 262 |
| Management | p. 263 |
| The Sefton Coast in the 21st Century | p. 264 |
| Recreation | p. 266 |
| Visitor Research | p. 266 |
| Visitor Typology | p. 266 |
| Costs ofManagement | p. 267 |
| The Meijendel Dunes (The Netherlands) | p. 268 |
| Area | p. 268 |
| Management by the Dunewater Company | p. 269 |
| Recreation: Better Possibilities for People to Enjoy Nature | p. 269 |
| Meijendel and the Production of Drinking Water | p. 272 |
| Development ofa Natural Core Area | p. 272 |
| Costs ofManagement | p. 274 |
| Visitors Appraisal | p. 275 |
| Dune Management in a Changing Society | p. 275 |
| References | p. 276 |
| Animal Life in Sand Dunes: From Exploitation and Prosecution to Protection and Monitoring | p. 279 |
| Introduction | p. 279 |
| Cropping Stock and Game: The Medieval Sand Dunes as a Store of Animal Goods | p. 280 |
| Nature Conservation Starts with Bird Protection | p. 281 |
| The Complexity of Biotic Interactions | p. 284 |
| Coastal Zone Management: Can Animals be Integrated? 290 References | p. 293 |
| Coastal Vegetation as Indicators for Conservation | p. 297 |
| Introduction | p. 297 |
| Environmental Indicators | p. 297 |
| Ecological Indicators | p. 298 |
| Methods | p. 301 |
| Ecological Indicators Selection | p. 301 |
| Calculation ofEcological Indicators | p. 304 |
| Results | p. 306 |
| Environmental Indicators for the Region (Landscape-Scale Indicators) | p. 306 |
| Ecological Indicators for Coastal Dunes (Plant-Community Scale) | p. 306 |
| Discussion and Conclusion | p. 309 |
| Appendix: Floristic List of Northern Baja California Coastal Sand Dune Systems | p. 311 |
| References | p. 316 |
| A Case Study ofConservation and Management of Tropical Sand Dune Systems: La Mancha-El Llano | p. 319 |
| Introduction | p. 319 |
| Dune Conservation and Management | p. 319 |
| Beach and Dune Biodiversity and Protected Areas in Mexico 320 | |
| Community Management for the Conservation of Coastal Resources: La Mancha-El Llano Case Study | p. 325 |
| References | p. 332 |
| European Coastal Dunes: Ecological Values, Threats, Opportunities and Policy Development | p. 335 |
| Introduction | p. 335 |
| Distribution of Coastal Dunes along Europe's Coast: A Short Geography | p. 336 |
| Ecological Values Related to Biodiversity | p. 338 |
| Trends, Threats and Opportunities | p. 340 |
| Agriculture: Intensification as well as Marginalization | p. 340 |
| Urbanisation, Industries, Harbour Development | p. 340 |
| Infrastructure | p. 341 |
| Tourism/Recreation | p. 341 |
| Forestry | p. 342 |
| Coastal Processes, Climate Change and Sea Level Rise, Aeolian Processes | p. 342 |
| Coastal Defence Works | p. 343 |
| Policy Analysis of Dune Conservation in Europe | p. 343 |
| Bern Convention | p. 344 |
| EU Policy | p. 344 |
| National Policies | p. 346 |
| SWOT Analysis | p. 347 |
| Conclusions | p. 347 |
| EU Countries | p. 347 |
| Accession Countries | p. 349 |
| Non-EU Countries | p. 349 |
| Recommendations | p. 349 |
| References | p. 350 |
| The Coastal Dune Paradox: Conservation vs Exploitation? | |
| The Fragility and Conservation of the World's Coastal Dunes: Geomorphological, Ecological and Socioeconomic Perspectives | p. 355 |
| Current Worldwide Status of Coastal Dunes | p. 355 |
| Current Research Trends (What Do We Know?) | p. 356 |
| Variable Morphologies | p. 356 |
| Succession | p. 357 |
| Adaptations | p. 358 |
| Tropical vs. Mid-Latitudes | p. 359 |
| Fragile Ecosystems? | p. 361 |
| Management Practices | p. 361 |
| Future Trends and Perspectives | p. 364 |
| References | p. 367 |
| Taxonomic Index | p. 371 |
| Subject Index | |
| Table of Contents provided by Publisher. All Rights Reserved. |
