| Introduction to Coherent Extreme-Ultraviolet and Soft X-Ray Sources | |
| Short Survey of XUV Emission Mechanisms and Sources | p. 3 |
| Radiation Transfer Through Matter, Opacity, and Gain | p. 7 |
| Transfer Equation, Absorption, and Gain | p. 8 |
| Profile Functions | p. 13 |
| Line Narrowing | p. 14 |
| Atomic Level Population Densities | p. 17 |
| Source Brightness and Number of Photons per Mode | p. 19 |
| XUV Optics | p. 23 |
| XUV Optical Constants | p. 23 |
| Absorption, Reflection, and Refraction of XUV Radiation | p. 28 |
| Grazing Incidence Optics | p. 34 |
| Multilayer Mirrors | p. 36 |
| Coherent XUV Radiation Beams | p. 41 |
| Interferences and Degree of Coherence | p. 41 |
| Modes of Free Radiation Field | p. 48 |
| Three Ways of Producing Coherent XUV Radiation Beams | p. 52 |
| References | p. 55 |
| State of the Art and Prospect of X-Ray Lasers | |
| Beginnings | p. 59 |
| Experiments | p. 59 |
| Pumping Mechanisms | p. 63 |
| General Features of X-Ray Lasers | p. 69 |
| Survey of Laser-Produced Plasma Physics | p. 69 |
| Main Parameters Related to Plasma Expansion | p. 69 |
| Atomic Physics in the Plasma Corona | p. 72 |
| X-Ray Laser Configurations | p. 74 |
| X-Ray Lasers Pumped by Lasers | p. 74 |
| Multiple Target Systems | p. 78 |
| Optics for the Production of Line Focused Plasmas | p. 80 |
| Capillary-Discharge XUV Laser | p. 83 |
| XUV Laser Cavity Issues | p. 84 |
| Diagnostics of X-Ray Laser Media | p. 88 |
| Plasma Imaging | p. 88 |
| Temperature and Density Diagnostics | p. 92 |
| Propagation of XUV Laser Beams | p. 99 |
| Beam Refraction | p. 101 |
| From Small-Signal Gain to Saturation | p. 111 |
| Coherence Building | p. 120 |
| Coherence Measurements | p. 129 |
| Coherence Characterization | p. 129 |
| Interferometric Methods | p. 130 |
| Diffractometry | p. 133 |
| Saturated XUV Lasers | p. 137 |
| Gain Predictions for the Collisional-Excitation Pumping Scheme | p. 139 |
| Single Pump-Pulse of Nanosecond Duration | p. 144 |
| Ne-Like Selenium Laser | p. 144 |
| Ne-Like Ge Laser (Saturation, Coherence, Polarization) | p. 147 |
| Ne-Like Yttrium Laser | p. 160 |
| Ne-Like Silver Laser | p. 162 |
| Ni-Like Ion Lasers | p. 162 |
| Pumping with Prepulses | p. 163 |
| General Characteristics of Prepulse Influence on Pumping | p. 164 |
| Prepulsed Ne-Like Zinc Laser | p. 171 |
| Prepulsed Ne-Like Germanium Laser | p. 176 |
| Ne-Like Lasers with Low Z Elements | p. 178 |
| Prepulsed Ni-Like Lasers: Sn, Sm, Dy, Pd, Ag | p. 182 |
| Transient Collisional Excitation (TCE) Scheme of Pumping | p. 193 |
| Traveling Wave Implementation | p. 196 |
| TCE Ne-Like Titanium Laser (32.63 nm) | p. 201 |
| TCE Ne-Like Iron Laser (25.5 nm) | p. 205 |
| TCE Ni-Like Tin Laser (11.9 nm) | p. 205 |
| TCE Ni-Like Germanium Laser (19.6 nm) | p. 207 |
| TCE Ni-Like Molybdenum Laser (18.9 nm) | p. 208 |
| TCE Ni-Like Silver Laser (13.9 nm) | p. 211 |
| Fast Capillary Discharge X-Ray Laser | p. 215 |
| Discharge Characteristics | p. 216 |
| Small-Signal Gain, Saturation, and Output of the Ne-Like Argon Laser | p. 218 |
| Coherence | p. 222 |
| New Lasing Materials | p. 223 |
| Optical-Field-Ionization Lasers | p. 224 |
| Recombination Lasers | p. 235 |
| Long Pump Pulses | p. 235 |
| Hydrogen-Like Ions | p. 236 |
| Lithium-Like Ions | p. 244 |
| Gain-Length Product Limitation | p. 250 |
| Short and Ultrashort Pump Pulses | p. 251 |
| Schemes for Future Soft X-Ray Lasers | p. 255 |
| Inner Shell Photopumping | p. 255 |
| Free Electron Lasers | p. 256 |
| References | p. 257 |
| High Harmonic Generation | |
| Introduction | p. 277 |
| Survey of the Theoretical Background | p. 281 |
| Atoms in Strong Field | p. 281 |
| Phase-Matching | p. 286 |
| General Characteristics of High-Order Harmonic Emission | p. 291 |
| Coherence | p. 291 |
| Coherence Control | p. 291 |
| Spatial Coherence Measurements | p. 294 |
| Temporal Coherence | p. 300 |
| Conversion Efficiency | p. 303 |
| Scaling Law in the Plateau Region | p. 304 |
| Influence of Atomic Density | p. 305 |
| Influence of the Length of the Pumped Medium | p. 308 |
| Influence of the Diameter of Apertured Beam | p. 311 |
| Phase-Matching by Wave Guiding | p. 311 |
| Emitters of Complex Structure: Molecules, Clusters, Solid-Vacuum Interfaces | p. 316 |
| Two-Color High Harmonic Generation | p. 331 |
| Tunability | p. 339 |
| References | p. 344 |
| A Survey of Coherent XUV Sources Applications | |
| Introduction | p. 353 |
| Interferometry of Laser-Created Plasma | p. 354 |
| Interferometry and Shadography of Exploding Wire Plasma | p. 357 |
| Reflectometry of Solid Materials | p. 359 |
| Time-Resolution About 100 Picoseconds | p. 361 |
| Characterization of Dense Plasmas | p. 361 |
| Density Measurements up to <$$$> 1021 Electrons cm-3 | p. 361 |
| Colliding Plasmas | p. 363 |
| Soft X-Ray Radiographic Probing of Laser-Irradiated Thin Si Foils | p. 364 |
| Atomic Physics | p. 366 |
| Lifetime Measurement of Excited He States | p. 366 |
| Absolute Photo-Ionization Cross-Section of Excited He-States | p. 367 |
| Material Properties | p. 369 |
| Snapshots of Intense Electric Field Effects on Metal Surface | p. 369 |
| CsI Crystal Luminescence Induced by Very Intense XUV Flux | p. 373 |
| Production of Highly Focused XUV Beams | p. 374 |
| Method of Wave Front Characterization | p. 375 |
| Measurement of the Spatial Intensity Distribution of a Soft X-Ray Laser Beam | p. 376 |
| Time-Resolution About One Picosecond | p. 379 |
| Picosecond X-Ray Laser Interferometry | p. 379 |
| Material Probe at the Picosecond Scale | p. 381 |
| Study of the Surface Domain-Structure of Ferroelectric BaTiO3 | p. 381 |
| Time-Resolved Measurement of Material Scintillation | p. 383 |
| Single-Shot Probe of Photoelectron Emission | p. 384 |
| Subfemtosecond Time-Resolution | p. 387 |
| Frequency-Domain Interferometry Applied to Electron-Density Measurements | p. 387 |
| Generation of Attosecond Pulses | p. 391 |
| Future Prospects | p. 395 |
| Nonlinear XUV Optics | p. 395 |
| Microlithography | p. 395 |
| Biological Applications | p. 396 |
| References | p. 397 |
| Index | p. 403 |
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