Compendium of Hydrogen Energy

* List of contributors* Part One: Hydrogen applications in transport and industry *1: Hydrogen-fueled road automobiles - Passenger cars and buses * Abstract*1.1 Introduction*1.2 Comparison of different hydrogen-fueled drive systems*1.3 Technical solutions for FCEVs*1.4 Technical approaches for the main components of FCEVs*1.5 Challenges for FCEVs - Consideration of main markets*1.6 Summary and future trends*1.7 Sources of further information and advice*2: Hydrogen-fueled motorcycles, bicycles, and industrial trucks * Abstract*2.1 Introduction*2.2 Hydrogen motorcycles and bicycles*2.3 Hydrogen industrial trucks*2.4 Conclusions*3: Hydrogen-fueled marine transportation * Abstract*3.1 Market environment*3.2 Requirements for marine FCs*3.3 Suitable FC systems*3.4 FC integration in ships*3.5 Marine FC projects*3.6 Future trends*4: Hydrogen-fueled aeroplanes * Abstract*4.1 Introduction to hydrogen vs. traditional technologies: Differences and similarities, advantages, and disadvantages*4.2 Hydrogen fuel on aircraft-Challenges and requirements*4.3 Advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen storage methods in aeronautics*4.4 Available energy conversion technologies*4.5 Available infrastructure (production, airport)*4.6 Operational aspects (turn around)*4.7 Safety aspects (layout, design, and strategy)*4.8 Safety strategy*4.9 Certification aspects*4.10 Environmental and economic aspects and public acceptance*4.11 Future trends*4.12 Summary*5: Hydrogen-fueled spacecraft and other space applications of hydrogen * Abstract*5.1 Introduction: The potential of hydrogen-powered spacecraft*5.2 Advantages and disadvantages of hydrogen-fueled spacecraft*5.3 Principles: Suitable hydrogen power sources for spacecraft*5.4 Advantages and disadvantages of the power sources*5.5 Challenges for hydrogen-fueled spacecraft*5.6 Other space applications of hydrogen*5.7 Market trends*5.8 Hydrogen storage in spacecraft*5.9 Advantages and disadvantages of the various potential storage methods*5.10 Safety concerns regarding the storage of hydrogen in these vehicles*5.11 Future trends* Part Two: Other applications of hydrogen *6: Hydrogen fuel cells for portable applications * Abstract* Acknowledgments*6.1 Introduction*6.2 Drawbacks of hydrogen fuel cells regarding application in portable devices*6.3 Present status*6.4 Market penetration*6.5 Future perspectives and conclusion*7: Large-scale underground storage of hydrogen for the grid integration of renewable energy and other applications * Abstract*7.1 Hydrogen and the need for energy storage in Europe*7.2 Markets for hydrogen*7.3 Technology for large-scale hydrogen storage*7.4 Potential for hydrogen underground storage*7.5 Hydrogen storage economics in energy systems with increasing share of intermittent renewable energy*7.6 State-of-discussion and development perspectives*8: Hydrogen admixture to the natural gas grid * Abstract* Acknowledgments*8.1 Introduction*8.2 Reasons for adding hydrogen to the natural gas grid*8.3 Potential benefits and problems associated with adding hydrogen to the natural gas grid*8.4 State of the art*8.5 The bottlenecks-Considering a 10 vol% admixture*8.6 R&D necessary to overcome the bottlenecks*8.7 Additional requirements*8.8 Key technologies*8.9 Future trends: The methanation option*8.10 Economic considerations*8.11 Regulatory issues*8.12 Practical recommendations for hydrogen injection*8.13 Conclusions*8.14 Sources of further information* Recommended further reading* Part Three: Hydrogen safety *9: Hydrogen safety: An overview * Abstract*9.1 Introduction*9.2 Properties of hydrogen and their implications for safety*9.3 Hazards of hydrogen*9.4 Management for accident prevention*9.5 Future trends*9.6 Conclusions*9.7 Sources of further information*10: Hydrogen sensors and detectors * Abstract*10.1 Introduction*10.2 Terms and definitions*10.3 Requirements of hydrogen sensors and detectors*10.4 Current hydrogen sensors and detectors on the market: Technologies and operation principles*10.5 Current research and development in hydrogen sensors and detectors*10.6 Detection layout and maintenance of detectors*10.7 Conclusions*10.8 Sources of further information* Part Four: The hydrogen economy *11: The hydrogen economy-Vision or reality? * Abstract* Acknowledgments*11.1 Setting the context-The global energy challenge*11.2 Options for the road transport sector*11.3 A short history of hydrogen*11.4 The status of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles*11.5 Building a hydrogen delivery infrastructure for the transport sector*11.6 The hydrogen infrastructure challenge and how to overcome it*11.7 The role of hydrogen for renewables' integration*11.8 Perspectives and outlook*12: Building a hydrogen infrastructure in the EU * Abstract*12.1 Introduction: which hydrogen infrastructure(s) is/are required?*12.2 Current status of hydrogen infrastructure*12.3 Costs for setting up the hydrogen infrastructure*12.4 Status and outlook of EU hydrogen infrastructure initiatives*12.5 Moving toward full deployment*12.6 Conclusions*13: Building a hydrogen infrastructure in the United States * Abstract*13.1 Introduction*13.2 Current status of hydrogen infrastructure in the United States*13.3 Initial costs of deploying hydrogen infrastructure*13.4 Market trends*13.5 Hydrogen refueling infrastructure*13.6 Hydrogen production, transmission, and distribution*13.7 Hydrogen transmission and distribution barriers*13.8 Material*14: Building a hydrogen infrastructure in Japan * Abstract*14.1 Introduction*14.2 The new strategic energy plan (Strategic Energy Plan, 2014)*14.3 Strategic Road Map For Hydrogen and FCs (Strategic Road Map for Hydrogen et al., 2014)*14.4 Off-site (centralized) versus on-site (distributed) hydrogen production*14.5 Novel hydrogen production methods*14.6 Hydrogen distribution and storage*14.7 Initial current cost of hydrogen stations*14.8 Residential use FC system (The Japan Gas Association, n.d.)*14.9 FC vehicle*14.10 Current situation in Japan as regards hydrogen infrastructure*14.11 Conclusions*15: Environmental impacts of hydrogen use in vehicles * Abstract*15.1 Introduction*15.2 Environmental assessment*15.3 Reference systems*15.4 Results and discussion*15.5 Final considerations* Index