Concise Encyclopedia of Bioresource Technology

Figures Tables About the Editor Contributors Foreword Preface Part I: Environmental Biotechnology Advances in Biological Wastewater Treatment Introduction Conventional Biological Wastewater Treatment Advanced Wastewater Treatment Nutrients in Wastewater Conclusions Anaerobic Animal-Waste Environments: Salmonella Species Ecology Introduction Salmonella Physiology in the Anaerobic Waste Environment Salmonella Pathogenicity in the Waste Environment Conclusions Biobeneficiation Introduction Possible Mechanisms The Practice Conclusions Biodegradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Introduction Biodegradation of PAHs by Aerobic Bacteria Biodegradation of PAHs by Anaerobic Bacteria Biodegradation of PAHs by Fungi Biodegradation of PAHs by Algae Conclusions Biofiltration Introduction History of Biofiltration Process Description Mechanism of Biofiltration Microbial Aspects of Biofiltration Biofilter Media Characteristics of an Ideal Biofilter Performance Parameters Advantages and Disadvantages of Biofiltration Commercial Application of Biofilters Conclusions Biological Control of Air Pollution Introduction Process Description Process Modeling and Design Operation and Maintenance Conclusions Biomethanogenesis Introduction Biomethanation Plants and Digestors Substrates for Biogas Production Microbiology of Biomethanation Biochemistry of Methane Synthesis Conclusions Bioremediation Introduction Bioremediation Methods Applications of Bioremediation Features of Bioremediation Bioremediation Success Stories Conclusions Methods for the Biological Treatment of Wastewater Biological Reactors Principles of Biological Treatment Reaction Kinetics Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment Conclusions Membrane Bioreactor Introduction Membrane Bioreactor Systems Conclusions Rotating Biological Contactors Introduction Process Modeling Process Design Nitrification and Denitrification Effect of Temperature Conclusions Trickling Filter Introduction Recirculation Process Microbiology Process Modeling and Design Conclusions Waste Stabilization Ponds Introduction Classification of Pond Systems Conclusions Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Introduction Biofouling Microorganisms Associated with Corrosion Mechanism of Microbial Corrosion Control and Monitoring of Microbial Corrosion Conclusions Treatment of Industrial Effluents Distillery Effluent Introduction Problems associated with Distillery Effluent Treatment Technologies Bioremediation of Distillery Effluent Recycling Treated Distillery Effluent Conclusions Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Introduction Procedure of Pulping Bleaching Characteristics of Effluent Problems Related to the Pulp and Paper Industry Environmental Impact of the Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Treatment in the Pulp and Paper Mill Conclusions Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater Introduction Chemical Removal Processes Biological Removal Processes Conclusions Tannery Effluent Introduction Leather Industry World Scenario Tanning Processes Existing Pollution Problems Impacts of Tannery Effluent Pollution Prevention Opportunities Conclusions Textile and Dye Effluent Introduction Physicochemical Processes Biological Treatment Processes Conclusions Part II: Food Biotechnology Biopolymer Application Introduction Starch Cellulose Chitin and Chitosan Other Important Polymers Conclusions Biotransformations of Citrus Flavanone Glycosides Introduction Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Flavanone Glycosides Hydrolysis of the Citrus Flavanone Glycosides Hydrogenation in Basic Medium to Produce Dihydrochalcone Sweeteners Enzymatic Glycosylation and Esterification to Synthesize New Derivatives Fermented Milk Products Introduction Yogurt Dahi or Dadhi Leben and Other Related Products Lactic Beverages New Developments in Fermented Milk Products Functional Dairy Foods Fermented Vegetables Introduction Lactic Acid-Fermented Vegetables Nutritional Value of Lactic Acid-Fermented Vegetables Some Recipes Food Additive Production by Fermentation Introduction Food Additives of Fermentation Origin Conclusions Food-Grade Yeast Production Introduction Yeasts Commercial Food-Grade Yeasts Raw Materials in Food-Grade Yeast Production Stages of Industrial Food-Grade Yeast Production Conclusions Kefir Yeast Technology Introduction Traditional Production of Kefir Grains Morphology of Kefir Grains Composition of Kefir Grains and Kefirlike Cultures Fermentation and Chemical Composition of the Fermented Product Parameters Affecting the Fermentation Kefir Production Preservation of Kefir Grains Kefir Grains and Kefir As Probiotics Conclusions Molecular Methods for Microbial Detection and Characterization for Food Safety Introduction Detection Characterization Conclusions Mushroom Production Introduction The Mushroom Production Industry: Past and Present Compost-Based Mushroom Production Lignocellulose-Based Mushroom Production Environmental Aspects Conclusions Nutraceutical Production and Use Introduction Mineral Fortification of Foods Nutraceuticals from Plant Sources Fish, Marine, and Dairy Products Herbal Sources Required Characteristics for Nutraceuticals Consumer Concerns and the Future Prebiotics and Probiotics Introduction Importance of Probiotics Probiotic Organisms Desirable Characteristics Benefits of Probiotic Consumption Sources of Prebiotics Model Systems Conclusions Single-Cell Protein Introduction Need for Microbial Protein Production Sources Substrates Nutritional Aspects of SCP Limitations Factors Affecting SCP Production Commercial Production of SCP Alternative Sources of SCP Production Optimum SCP Production Parameters Toxicity Uses of SCP Socioeconomic Problems and Cost Effectiveness Conclusions Vitamin Production by Fermentation Introduction Microbial Production of Vitamins Conclusions Xanthan Gum Production Introduction General Properties Xanthan Gellan Dextran Scleroglucan Biosynthetic Mechanisms and Production Kinetics Fermentation Product Recovery Part III: Industrial Biotechnology Alcoholic Fermentation Bacterial Alcoholic Fermentation Introduction Ethanol by Fermentation Factors Affecting Ethanol Fermentation Kinetics of Ethanol Fermentation Process Improvement Ethanol from Renewable Resources Ethanol As an Automobile Fuel Conclusions Fruit-Based Alcoholic Beverages Quality Factors and Composition of Wines Technology of Fruit Wine Preparation Spoilage of Wine Fruit Brandy: The Technology of Production Conclusions Fuel Ethanol from Renewable Biomass Resources Feedstocks Introduction Renewable Biomass Materials Used for Ethanol Production Feedstocks Conclusions Process Strategies Introduction Processes for Ethanol Production from Sugar Materials Processes for Ethanol Production from Starch and Lignocellulosic Materials Bioreactors Process Strategies Conclusions Grape-Based Alcoholic Beverages Introduction Table Wines Sparkling Wines Fortified Wines Brandy Wine Use Malted Barley, Scotch Whiskey, and Beer Introduction Malt Production The Malting Process Malt Spirit and Grain Spirit Production Beer Production Conclusions Thermotolerant and Osmotolerant Yeasts for Alcoholic Fermentation Introduction Need for Thermotolerant and Osmotolerant Yeasts in the Ethanol Industry Effect of Temperature on the Growth and Fermentation of Yeasts Media Supplementation for Enhanced Osmotolerance and Thermotolerance Mechanism of Osmotolerance and Thermotolerance Fermentation Abilities of Isolated Osmotolerant and Thermotolerant Yeasts Approaches for Obtaining Novel Thermotolerant and Osmotolerant Yeast Strains with Good Ethanol Yields Conclusions Alkaloids, Aflatoxins, and Other Secondary Metabolites: Production Techniques Introduction Alkaloids Aflatoxins Other Secondary Metabolites Conclusions Amino Acid Production Introduction Production Strains Commercial Need for and Application of Amino Acids Amino Acid Secretion Physiology and Metabolic Concept Amino Acid Secretion Mechanisms and Concepts Other Amino Acids Conclusions Antibiotic Production Introduction Secondary Metabolism Regulation Production Genetic Improvement Conclusions Aroma Compound Production Introduction Production of Aroma Compounds Aroma Compound Biosynthesis Mechanisms Applications of Aroma Compounds Conclusions Bioconversion of Agroindustrial Residues for Bioprocesses Cassava Industry Residues Introduction Microbial Strains Cultivated on Cassava Bagasse Bioprocesses Involving Cassava Bagasse Conclusions Coffee Industry Residues Introduction Industrial Processing of Coffee Cherries Physicochemical Composition of Coffee Pulp and Husk Applications of Coffee Pulp and Husk Conclusions Palm Oil Industry Residues Introduction Residues from the Palm Oil Industry Valuable Products from Palm Oil Waters Conclusions Seafood Industry Residues Introduction Residues from the Seafood Industry Valuable Products from Seafood-Processing Residues Conclusions Biodiesel Production and Application Introduction Sources of Raw Materials Methods of Manufacture and Factors Affecting Production Properties of Biodiesel versus Petroleum Diesel Potential Technology Development: Biodiesel As a Solvent Extractant for In Situ Biodiesohol Production Biofertilizers: Production, Application, and Quality Control Introduction Biomass Production Formulations Application Methods Inoculant Quality Control Conclusions Biopulping Introduction Lignin-Degrading Enzymes Use of Biopulping for the Production of Chemical Pulp Use of Biopulping for the Production of Mechanical Pulp Conclusions Biosurfactant Production and Application Introduction Classification Role and Production Mechanisms Factors Affecting Biosurfactant Production Applications of Biosurfactants Conclusions Microbial Enzymes: Production and Applications L-Glutaminase Introduction Sources of L-Glutaminase Production of L-Glutaminase Structure of L-Glutaminase Properties Glutaminase Gene Applications of L-Glutaminase Conclusions Inulinases Introduction Inulinases: Action and Types Microbial Production of Inulinases Purification of Inulinases Applications of Inulinases Laccase Introduction Activity on Lignocellulose Constituents Conclusions Lignin Peroxidase Introduction LIP Properties and Production Main Applications of Ligninolytic Enzymes Lipase Introduction Kinetic Model of Lipolysis Reaction Mechanism Production of Microbial Lipases Industrial Applications of Lipases Conclusions Pectinases Introduction Substrates of Pectinases Classification of Pectinases Action of Pectinases Production of Pectinases Applications of Pectinases Conclusions Phytases Introduction Sources of Microbial Phytases Production of Microbial Phytases Molecular Biology and Gene Expression Purification and Properties Conclusions Proteases Introduction Classification of Proteases Production of Proteases Application of Proteases Conclusions Therapeutic Enzymes Introduction Specific Therapeutic Enzymes Conclusions Xylanases: Production Introduction Xylanase Production Conclusions Xylanases: Properties and Applications Introduction Xylan Structure Xylanase Properties Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Xylan Applications of Xylanases in the Pulp and Paper Industry Conclusions Modified Oligonucleotides Introduction Conjugates Oligonucleotide Analogs DNA Chips Conclusions Organic Acids: Production and Application Citric Acid Introduction Raw Materials Used for Citric Acid Production Microorganisms Used for Citric Acid Production Citric Acid Production Techniques Factors Affecting Citric Acid Production Product Recovery Gallic Acid Introduction Classification of Tannins Production of Gallic Acid Properties and Applications of Gallic Acid Conclusions Lactic Acid Introduction Production Technologies Uses and Applications Conclusions Pigment Production Introduction Plant Pigments Microbial Pigments Legislation Involved in the Use of Microbial Pigments Present Status of Microbial Pigments Conclusions Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production from Renewable Resources Introduction Plastic Degradation Biocompatibility Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) Conclusions Pretreatment of Lingocellulosic Substrates Introduction Physical Pretreatment Chemical Pretreatment Biological Pretreatment Conclusions Recycling Agriculture By-Products and Residues for Animal Feeding Introduction Crop Residues By-Products Conclusions Solid-State Fermentation for Bioconversion of Biomass Design of Bioreactors for Solid-State Fermentation Introduction Design Considerations Reactor Types Conclusions Engineering Aspects of Solid-State Fermentation Introduction Bioreactors and Modeling Standard Instrumentation Advanced Instrumentation Process Control Conclusions General Aspects of Solid-State Fermentation Introduction Characteristics of SSF Advantages and Disadvantages of SSF Factors That Influence SSF Substrates for SSF Conclusions Modeling in Solid-State Fermentation Introduction Bioreactor Models Models of Particle-Scale Phenomena Conclusions Xylitol Production from Hemicellulosic Substrates Introduction Production of Xylitol Xylitol Production Pathways Optimizing Xylitol Production Conclusions Index Reference Notes Included