Conquest, Tribute, and Trade

We in the twenty-first century like to think of our time as the era of globalization. In fact, the birth of that era took place some five hundred years agoas Howard J. Erlichman shows in this fascinating, original work of economic history. Erlichman traces the roots of globalization to the rapacious pursuit of gold, silver, and copper in the sixteenth century, when empires were won and lost based on their ability to find, exploit, or control increasingly large volumes of mineral wealth.

Conquest, Tribute, and Trade tells the story of how the closely related states of Portugal, Spain, and the later Dutch Republic were able to check the powerful Ottoman Empire, supersede the great Italian city-states, and overturn centuries of Muslim commercial domination in Africa and Asia. Their phenomenal rise to power was achieved mainly through the exploitation of mineral resources in central Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Japan. In the process, they created the first multinational corporations, launched scores of boomtowns, and squandered huge amounts of capital. The Europeans also destroyed indigenous societies across the globe through policies of colonial subjugation that still cast a shadow on our contemporary world.

Erlichmans lively narrative includes larger-than-life characters - the epic voyagers Columbus, Da Gama, and Magellan; the great Iberian monarchs and their merchant bankers; and conquistadors like Cortes and Pizarroas well as obscure entrepreneurs who scoured the globe for precious metals, introduced important new technologies, and made the first European visits to Japan and New York harbor. He documents how the mineral wealth that funded the first global empires was dissipated in a series of never-ending wars in Europe, culminating in a succession of Spanish state bankruptcies, the defeat of the Spanish Armada, and the rise of the Dutch Republic in the northern half of the Spanish Netherlands. The underestimated Dutch emerged as the worlds most powerful trading nation at centurys end. It was they who co-opted the Iberian achievements and served as a commercial bridge to the later triumphs of the British Empire and the United States.

This engrossing popular history makes many intriguing connections between sources of economic wealth and the rise of empires, showing that the forces of globalization have been five centuries in the making.