Judicial equity developed in England during the medieval period, providing an alternative access to justice for cases that the rigid structures of the common law could not accommodate. Where the common law was constrained by precedent and strict procedural and substantive rules, equity relied on principles of natural justice - or 'conscience' - to decide cases and right wrongs. Overseen by the Lord Chancellor, equity became one of the twin pillars of the English legal system with the Court of Chancery playing an ever greater role in the legal life of the nation. Yet, whilst the Chancery was commonly - and still sometimes is - referred to as a 'court of conscience', there is remarkably little consensus about what this actually means, or indeed whose conscience is under discussion. This study tackles the difficult subject of the place of conscience in the development of English equity during a crucial period of legal history. Addressing the notion of conscience as a juristic principle in the Court of Chancery during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the book explores how the concept was understood and how it figured in legal judgment. Drawing upon both legal and broader cultural materials, it explains how that understanding differed from modern notions and how it might have been more consistent with criteria we commonly associate with objective legal judgement than the modern, more 'subjective', concept of conscience. The study culminates with an examination of the chancellorship of Lord Nottingham (1673-82), who, because of his efforts to transform equity from a jurisdiction associated with discretion into one based on rules, is conventionally regarded as the father of modern, 'systematic' equity. From a broader perspective, this study can be seen as a contribution to the enduring discussion of the relationship between 'formal' accounts of law, which see it as systems of rules, and less formal accounts, which try to make room for intuitive moral or prudential reasoning.
Industry Reviews
'... diligent readers can learn much from his [Klinck's] wide-ranging and penetrating analysis of shifting and alternative meanings of conscience in legal and religious texts and works of political and moral philosophy.' Journal of British Studies 'It is this breadth of perspective that sets Klinck's book apart. It will be of great interest to historians of law, religion, theology, philosophy, and culture, because it provides a fresh and thoughtful perspective on a perennially difficult issue: understanding how one of the most important operative concepts in the Christian society of medieval and early-modern England was assumed, understood, and applied in a judicial manner.' Law and History Review 'Readers in legal history will welcome the author's clarity of thought; literary historians will profit from his reasoned examination of relevant texts.' Renaissance Quarterly 'As a work of substantive legal history, this work excels in many areas. But what is in it for the generalists? Plenty. ...Those interested in legal history, contemporary legal scholars, and political historians will find this work most interesting, and generalists at the graduate level will find this work rewarding.' Sixteenth Century Journal 'In his rich study Professor Klinck considers whether the shift [in the restriction of the potential claims of Chancery] might have been related to changing concepts of conscience as understood by divines writing or preaching on ethical theory and moral casuistry. Two of his chapters, Five and Seven, provide a splendid survey of these changes in the course of the seventeenth century. These are chapters that should be required reading for historians of English religion interested in the consequences of the Protestant Reformation and of the battles over 'freedom of conscience' from the mid-century.' English Historical Review
