| Preface | p. xiii |
| Introduction | p. 1 |
| Early Accounts of Profiling | p. 2 |
| Origins of Modern Profiling | p. 4 |
| The Mad Bomber Case | p. 5 |
| Metesky and the Media | p. 6 |
| The Brussel Legacy | p. 9 |
| Barnum Statements | p. 10 |
| The Boston Strangler | p. 13 |
| The Five Areas of Behavioral Profiling | p. 15 |
| Crime Scene Profiling | p. 16 |
| Geographic Profiling | p. 17 |
| Psychological Profiling | p. 17 |
| Suspect-Based Profiling | p. 18 |
| Equivocal Death Analysis | p. 18 |
| Summary and Conclusions | p. 19 |
| Crime Scene Profiling | p. 21 |
| Early FBI Profiling Origins | p. 22 |
| The Behavioral Science Unit and the NCAVC | p. 23 |
| National Center for Analysis of Violent Crimes (NCAVC) | p. 23 |
| Two Seminal Articles | p. 25 |
| Profile Characteristics of Organized VS. Disorganized Offenders as Classified by the FBI in 1985 | p. 28 |
| Crime Scene Differences Between Organized and Disorganized Offenders as Classified by the FBI | p. 28 |
| The Douglas and Ressler Interviews | p. 29 |
| Further Development of the O/D Dichotomy | p. 30 |
| The Crime Classification Manual | p. 32 |
| Cult Murder | p. 32 |
| Crime Scene Profiling Today | p. 33 |
| Profiling Terminology | p. 35 |
| Case Linkage | p. 37 |
| Additional Research on Crime Scene Profiling | p. 38 |
| Typologies and Profiling | p. 41 |
| Clinical Versus Actuarial Profiling | p. 43 |
| Training and Characteristics of Profilers | p. 45 |
| Accuracy and Usefulness of Crime Scene Profiles | p. 47 |
| Will New Advances Make Profiling Obsolete? | p. 48 |
| The Psychological and Cognitive Pitfalls of Crime Scene Profiling | p. 50 |
| Memory and Cognitive Biases | p. 51 |
| Confirmation Bias | p. 52 |
| Self-Serving Bias | p. 53 |
| Fundamental Attribution Error | p. 54 |
| Summary and Conclusions | p. 55 |
| Scientific Approaches to Crime Scene Profiling | p. 57 |
| Misconceptions About Profiling | p. 58 |
| Misconceptions and Reality with Respect to Profiling | p. 59 |
| Making the Case for Scientific Profiling | p. 59 |
| The Beginnings of Scientific Crime Scene Profiling | p. 62 |
| Origins of Investigative Psychology | p. 62 |
| Searching for the Railway Rapist | p. 64 |
| Investigative Psychology Today | p. 67 |
| Clinical Versus Actuarial Profiling Revisited | p. 68 |
| Police Psychology Versus Profiling | p. 68 |
| Research Questions | p. 70 |
| The Behavioral Features | p. 70 |
| Distinguishing Between Offenders and Crimes | p. 71 |
| Inferring Characteristics | p. 72 |
| Linking Crimes | p. 72 |
| The Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System (VICLAS) | p. 73 |
| Psychological Signatures | p. 75 |
| The Person-Situation Debate | p. 76 |
| The A → C Equation | p. 77 |
| What's in a Profile Report? | p. 78 |
| Behavioral Investigative Analysts in the United Kingdom | p. 79 |
| Contemporary Theories in Criminology | p. 80 |
| Implications of Crime Theories for Profiling | p. 81 |
| Developmental Pathways in Offending Patterns | p. 81 |
| Application to Profiling | p. 83 |
| Developmental and Maturation Changes in Offenders | p. 83 |
| Application to Profiling | p. 84 |
| Deficient Interpersonal Skills and Peer Rejection | p. 84 |
| Application to Profiling | p. 85 |
| Offending Patterns of Criminal Psychopaths | p. 86 |
| Application to Profiling | p. 86 |
| Potential Error Problems in Scientific Profiling | p. 87 |
| Heuristics | p. 87 |
| Representative Heuristic Errors | p. 88 |
| Base Rate Fallacy (or Neglect) | p. 89 |
| Expressions of Uncertainty | p. 90 |
| Summary and Conclusions | p. 91 |
| Geographic Profiling and Mapping | p. 93 |
| Geographic Mapping | p. 94 |
| Crime Map of Auto Theft Incidents in an Urban Area | p. 94 |
| History of Crime Mapping | p. 95 |
| Influences of Environmental Criminology | p. 96 |
| Contemporary Crime Mapping | p. 97 |
| Geographic Profiling | p. 98 |
| Computer-Generated Geographic Profile Map | p. 99 |
| Theoretical Foundations and Early History | p. 99 |
| Routine Activity Theory | p. 99 |
| Awareness Space Paths | p. 100 |
| Rational Choice Theory | p. 101 |
| History of Geographic Profiling | p. 102 |
| Geographic Profiling Software | p. 102 |
| Measures of Accuracy | p. 104 |
| Illustration of Profile Error Distance | p. 105 |
| Key Concepts in Geographic Profiling | p. 106 |
| Distance Decay | p. 106 |
| Distance Decay | p. 107 |
| Illustration of Buffer Zone | p. 108 |
| Mental Maps | p. 109 |
| The Circle or Centrality Theory | p. 111 |
| Centrality Offending Pattern of Serial Rapist | p. 111 |
| Marauder and Commuter Offending Patterns | p. 113 |
| Windshield Wiper Effect | p. 115 |
| Geographic Hunting Patterns | p. 115 |
| The Basic Assumptions of Geographic Profiling | p. 117 |
| Case Linkage | p. 117 |
| Linkage as a Function of Multiple Offenses | p. 118 |
| Relatively Even Distribution or Wide Dispersion of Offenses | p. 119 |
| Single, Stable Base of Operations | p. 120 |
| Relatively Short Time Interval Between Offenses | p. 120 |
| Crime Series Must Occur Continuously Over Time | p. 121 |
| ATF Criminal And Geographic Profiling Program | p. 122 |
| Recent Research on Geographic Profiling | p. 122 |
| Simple Heuristics May Be Better Than Computer Programs | p. 123 |
| Mean Error Distance (MM) After Baseline and Retest for the Control, Circle, and Decay Groups, and Crimestat | p. 125 |
| Computer Models Try to Get Better Through Bayesian Methods | p. 126 |
| Summary and Conclusions | p. 127 |
| Profiling Applied to Specific Crimes | p. 129 |
| Profiling in Child Abduction Cases | p. 130 |
| The Numbers | p. 131 |
| Card Teams | p. 132 |
| AMBER Alert | p. 133 |
| The Victims | p. 135 |
| The Offenders | p. 136 |
| Profiling in Serial Murder Cases | p. 137 |
| The Numbers | p. 137 |
| The Victims | p. 138 |
| The Offenders | p. 140 |
| Criminal Background | p. 141 |
| The FBI Serial Murder Symposium | p. 142 |
| Serial Killer Typologies | p. 144 |
| The Holmes-DeBurger Serial Killer Typology | p. 145 |
| Role of the Victim | p. 148 |
| Profiling in Serial Rape Cases | p. 149 |
| The Numbers | p. 149 |
| The Victims | p. 150 |
| Victim Selection | p. 150 |
| False Allegations | p. 152 |
| The Offenders | p. 153 |
| The Massachusetts Treatment Center Classification System | p. 154 |
| Massachusetts Treatment Center Classification System | p. 154 |
| Opportunistic Rapists (Types 1 and 2) | p. 154 |
| Pervasively Angry Rapists (Type 3) | p. 155 |
| Sexually Motivated, Sadistic Rapists (Types 4 and 5) | p. 155 |
| Sexually Motivated, Nonsadistic Rapists (Types 6 and 7) | p. 156 |
| Vindictive Rapists (Types 8 and 9) | p. 157 |
| Canter's Levels of Violation and Themes of Rape | p. 158 |
| Profiling in Serial Arson Cases | p. 159 |
| The Numbers | p. 159 |
| The Victims | p. 159 |
| The Offenders | p. 160 |
| Firefighter Arson | p. 160 |
| Fire Investigator-Turned-Arsonist | p. 160 |
| Juvenile Firesetters | p. 161 |
| Serial Arsonists | p. 162 |
| Four Themes of Arson | p. 163 |
| Pyromania | p. 163 |
| Profiling Serial Burglars | p. 165 |
| The Numbers | p. 165 |
| The Offenders | p. 166 |
| The Four Themes of Burglary | p. 167 |
| Pilferers | p. 167 |
| Raiders | p. 167 |
| Intruders | p. 167 |
| Invaders | p. 168 |
| Summary and Conclusions | p. 169 |
| Psychological Profiling: A Focus on Threat and Risk Assessment | p. 171 |
| A Brief History of Psychological Profiling | p. 172 |
| Threat Assessment | p. 173 |
| Threat Assessment and School Violence | p. 175 |
| Profiling School Shooters | p. 176 |
| Early Warning Signs of Violence | p. 177 |
| The Safe School Initiative (SSI) | p. 178 |
| School Threat Assessment Teams | p. 181 |
| Prediction Table | p. 181 |
| Adult School Shooters | p. 183 |
| Decision Tree for Student Threat Assessment | p. 184 |
| Psychological Characteristics of Student School Shooters | p. 185 |
| Workplace Violence | p. 186 |
| Statistics on Serious Workplace Violence | p. 187 |
| Categories of Workplace Violence | p. 187 |
| The Warning Signs | p. 189 |
| Employee Warning Signs of Potential Workplace Violence | p. 189 |
| Behaviors and Characteristics That May Predict Workplace Violence | p. 190 |
| Violence Risk Assessment | p. 192 |
| Dynamic and Static Risk Factors in Prediction | p. 194 |
| Stalking | p. 195 |
| Prevalence | p. 196 |
| Risk Assessment of Stalking Violence | p. 196 |
| Stalking Typologies | p. 198 |
| The RECON Typology | p. 193 |
| Recon Typology | p. 199 |
| The Mullen et al. Typology | p. 200 |
| When Does Stalking Usually Stop? | p. 201 |
| Current Research in the Development of Risk Assessment of Stalkers | p. 201 |
| Summary and Conclusions | p. 202 |
| Suspect-Based Profiling | p. 205 |
| Racial Profiling | p. 207 |
| The Drug Courier Profile | p. 208 |
| Terrorism | p. 209 |
| Who Are the Terrorists? | p. 210 |
| Profiling Terrorists | p. 211 |
| Lone Wolf Terrorists | p. 213 |
| Summary | p. 215 |
| Passenger Profiling | p. 216 |
| Early Attempts at Passenger Profiling in the 1970s | p. 217 |
| Suspect-Based Profiling Based on Behavioral Patterns | p. 218 |
| CAPPS and CAPPS II | p. 220 |
| Secure Flight | p. 221 |
| Terrorist Screening Database (TSDB) | p. 222 |
| Behavioral Observation Techniques to Detect Suspicious Passengers | p. 223 |
| Screening of Passenger by Observation Technique (SPOT) | p. 223 |
| Future Attribute Screening Technology (FAST) | p. 225 |
| Detecting Deception | p. 227 |
| Police Investigators' Ability to Detect Deception | p. 228 |
| Promising Approaches to Detecting Deception | p. 228 |
| Detection of Intent | p. 231 |
| New Approaches to Detecting Deception | p. 232 |
| Thermal Imaging | p. 232 |
| Voice Stress Technologies | p. 233 |
| Summary and Conclusions | p. 234 |
| Reconstructive Psychological Evaluation: The Psychological Autopsy | p. 237 |
| The USS Iowa Case | p. 238 |
| The Psychological Autopsy | p. 240 |
| Vincent Walker Foster JR. Case: Death Near the Capitol | p. 242 |
| Purposes of Psychological Autopsies | p. 244 |
| Research With Psychological Autopsies | p. 244 |
| Clinical Practice Applications of Psychological Autopsies | p. 244 |
| Psychological Autopsies in Legal Cases | p. 245 |
| Psychological Autopsies and the Military | p. 246 |
| Suicide by Cop | p. 247 |
| Autoerotic Asphyxia | p. 248 |
| The Choking Game | p. 249 |
| How Psychological Autopsies Are Performed | p. 250 |
| Operational Criteria for Classification of Suicide | p. 251 |
| Classification of Suicides by Intent | p. 252 |
| The Investigative Value of Suicide Notes | p. 254 |
| Evaluating the Psychological Autopsy | p. 255 |
| Standardization | p. 256 |
| Reliability and Validity | p. 257 |
| Summary and Conclusions | p. 257 |
| Profiling in Court | p. 259 |
| Paths to Admission of Evidence | p. 260 |
| Standards for Admission of Expert Testimony | p. 262 |
| The Frye General Acceptance Rule | p. 262 |
| Illustration of Ohio Court State System | p. 263 |
| Illustration of Federal Court System, United States | p. 264 |
| The Daubert Trilogy | p. 264 |
| Frye and Daubert Summary | p. 265 |
| Profiling as Expert Evidence | p. 267 |
| Rachel Nickell's Case: "The Bane of Our Lives" | p. 268 |
| Profiling-Related Criminal Cases | p. 270 |
| Profiling Credentials | p. 271 |
| Consultant VS. Consultant: The Sheppard Case | p. 273 |
| From the Prison Cell: The Drake Case | p. 275 |
| Crime Scene Profiling in the Courtroom | p. 277 |
| Linkage Analysis in the Courtroom | p. 277 |
| The Pennell Case | p. 277 |
| The Fortin Case | p. 278 |
| Motivations of Offenders and Psychological Characteristics | p. 280 |
| The Masters Case | p. 282 |
| The Psychological Autopsy | p. 283 |
| Ultimate Issue Testimony | p. 285 |
| Summary and Conclusions | p. 286 |
| References | p. 289 |
| Photo Credits | p. 321 |
| Index | p. 322 |
| About the Authors | p. 346 |
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