| Preface | p. xi |
| Acknowledgements | p. xiii |
| Introduction: Democracy--Triumph or Crisis? | p. 1 |
| Traditional Affirmations of Democracy | |
| Introduction | p. 21 |
| Pericles, Funeral Oration | p. 25 |
| Aristotle, The Politics | p. 28 |
| Niccolo Machiavelli, The Discourses | p. 34 |
| Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan | p. 38 |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract | p. 44 |
| James Madison (et al.), The Federalist Papers | p. 53 |
| John Stuart Mill, Representative Government | p. 59 |
| Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America | p. 68 |
| The Putney Debates | p. 78 |
| Thomas Paine, The Rights of Man | p. 84 |
| The National Assembly of France, Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | p. 88 |
| Abraham Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address | p. 91 |
| Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy | p. 92 |
| Key Concepts | |
| Freedom and Autonomy | |
| Introduction | p. 100 |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract | p. 102 |
| Immanuel Kant, On the Common Saying: 'This May Be True in Theory but It Does not Apply in Practice' | p. 104 |
| Benjamin Constant, The Liberty of the Ancients Compared with that of the Moderns | p. 110 |
| Isaiah Berlin, Two Concepts of Liberty | p. 113 |
| Robert Paul Wolff, In Defense of Anarchism | p. 117 |
| Equality | |
| Introduction | p. 120 |
| John Locke, The Second Treatise of Government | p. 122 |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract | p. 126 |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau, A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality | p. 129 |
| R. H. Tawney, Equality | p. 132 |
| Bernard Williams, The Idea of Equality | p. 137 |
| Representation | |
| Introduction | p. 144 |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract | p. 147 |
| Edmund Burke, Speech at the Conclusion of the Poll, 3 November 1774 | p. 150 |
| James Mill, Essay on Government | p. 153 |
| Hannah Fenichel Pitkin, The Concept of Representation | p. 157 |
| Anne Phillips, The Politics of Presence | p. 161 |
| Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference | p. 165 |
| Michael Bakunin, The Illusion of Universal Suffrage | p. 169 |
| Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Parliamentary Isolation | p. 172 |
| Majority Rule | |
| Introduction | p. 174 |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract | p. 176 |
| Richard Wollheim, A Paradox in the Theory of Democracy | p. 179 |
| John Stuart Mill, Representative Government | p. 181 |
| Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America | p. 185 |
| Giovanni Sartori, The Theory of Democracy Revisited | p. 194 |
| Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy, Participation and Opposition | p. 199 |
| Citizenship | |
| Introduction | p. 206 |
| Aristotle, The Politics | p. 208 |
| T. H. Marshall, Class, Citizenship and Social Development | p. 211 |
| W. H. Sewell, Jr, Le Citoyen/La Citoyenne | p. 214 |
| Will Kymlicka and Wayne Norman, The Return of the Citizen | p. 220 |
| Critiques of Democracy | |
| Marxist and Socialist Critiques | |
| Introduction | p. 232 |
| Karl Marx, On the Jewish Question | p. 234 |
| Karl Marx, The Civil War in France | p. 240 |
| Vladimir Ilich Lenin, The State and Revolution | p. 244 |
| R. Miliband, Marxism and Politics | p. 248 |
| C. B. Macpherson, Democratic Theory, Essays in Retrieval | p. 253 |
| Conservative, Elitist and Authoritarian Critiques | |
| Introduction | p. 260 |
| Plato, The Republic | p. 263 |
| Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France | p. 269 |
| Roger Scruton, The Meaning of Conservatism | p. 274 |
| Benito Mussolini, The Doctrine of Fascism | p. 278 |
| Carl Schmitt, The Concept of the Political | p. 280 |
| Max Weber, Economy and Society | p. 282 |
| Robert Michels, Political Parties | p. 287 |
| Giovanni Sartori, Anti-Elitism Revisited | p. 290 |
| Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy | p. 294 |
| Feminist Critiques | |
| Introduction | p. 300 |
| Mary Wollstonecraft, Vindication of the Rights of Woman | p. 303 |
| Diana Coole, Women in Political Theory | p. 313 |
| Sheila Rowbotham, Feminism and Democracy | p. 321 |
| Susan Mendus, Losing the Faith, Feminism and Democracy | p. 324 |
| Contemporary Issues | |
| Rational Choice | |
| Introduction | p. 336 |
| Amartya Sen, The Possibility of Social Choice | p. 338 |
| Kenneth J. Arrow, Social Choice and Individual Values | p. 342 |
| Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy | p. 344 |
| Brian Barry, Political Participation as Rational Action | p. 348 |
| The Market | |
| Introduction | p. 360 |
| F. A. Hayek, The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism | p. 362 |
| Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom | p. 367 |
| David Beetham, Liberal Democracy and the Limits of Democratization | p. 373 |
| Hilary Wainwright, Arguments for a New Left | p. 377 |
| Nationalism | |
| Introduction | p. 382 |
| Ghia Nodia, Nationalism and Democracy | p. 384 |
| David Miller, On Nationality | p. 387 |
| John Schwarzmantel, Two Concepts of the Nation | p. 390 |
| Multiculturalism | |
| Introduction | p. 396 |
| Charles Taylor, The Dynamics of Democratic Exclusion | p. 398 |
| Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship | p. 401 |
| Iris Marion Young, Justice and the Politics of Difference | p. 407 |
| Charles W. Mills, The Racial Contract | p. 412 |
| Beyond the West | |
| Introduction | p. 418 |
| Amartya Sen, Democracy as a Universal Value | p. 420 |
| Bhikhu Parekh, The Cultural Particularity of Liberal Democracy | p. 424 |
| J. Silverstein, The Idea of Freedom in Burma | p. 430 |
| Andrew J. Nathan, Chinese Democracy | p. 435 |
| Participation | |
| Introduction | p. 440 |
| Geraint Parry and George Moyser, More Participation, More Democracy? | p. 442 |
| Benjamin R. Barber, Strong Democracy | p. 447 |
| Hanna Fenichel Pitkin and Sara M. Shumer, On Participation | p. 452 |
| Michael Walzer, A Day in the Life of a Socialist Citizen | p. 458 |
| Bernard R. Berelson, Paul F. Lazarsfeld, and William N. McPhee, Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign | p. 462 |
| Carole Pateman, Participation and Democratic Theory | p. 469 |
| Civil Society | |
| Introduction | p. 476 |
| Jean L. Cohen and Andrew Arato, Civil Society and Political Theory | p. 478 |
| Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone | p. 483 |
| Paul Hirst, Associative Principles and Democratic Reform | p. 486 |
| Deliberation | |
| Introduction | p. 492 |
| Ricardo Blaug, New Developments in Deliberative Democracy | p. 494 |
| B. Manin, On Legitimacy and Political Deliberation | p. 501 |
| Jurgen Habermas, The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article | p. 509 |
| J. S. Fishkin, The Dialogue of Justice: Toward a Self-Reflective Society | p. 515 |
| The Future of Democracy | |
| Introduction | p. 524 |
| Chantal Mouffe, Radical Democracy: Modern or Post-modern? | p. 526 |
| Barbara Epstein, Radical Democracy and Cultural Politics: What about Class? What about Political Power? | p. 530 |
| John Stewart, Thinking Collectively in the Public Domain | p. 542 |
| Barry N. Hague and Brian D. Loader, Digital Democracy: An Introduction | p. 551 |
| Bibliography | p. 558 |
| Index | p. 565 |
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