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Describing Species
Practical Taxonomic Procedure for Biologists
By: Judith Winston
Paperback | 4 November 1999 | Edition Number 1
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512 Pages
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Species description can present a variety of difficulties: Problems arise when new species are not given names because their discoverers do not know how to write a formal species description or when these species are poorly described. Biologists may also have to deal with nomenclatural problems created by previous workers or resulting from new information generated by their own research. This practical resource for scientists and students contains instructions and examples showing how to describe newly discovered species in both the animal and plant kingdoms.
With special chapters on publishing taxonomic papers and on ecology in species description, as well as sections covering subspecies, genus-level, and higher taxa descriptions, Describing Species enhances any writer's taxonomic projects, reports, checklists, floras, faunal surveys, revisions, monographs, or guides.
The volume is based on current versions of the International Codes of Zoological and Botanical Nomenclature and recognizes that systematics is a global and multicultural exercise. Though Describing Species has been written for an English-speaking audience, it is useful anywhere Taxonomy is spoken and will be a valuable tool for professionals and students in zoology, botany, ecology, paleontology, and other fields of biology.
Industry Reviews
List of Illustrations | p. xiii |
List of Tables | p. xvii |
Preface | p. xix |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 3 |
Describing the Living World | p. 3 |
Why Is Species Description Necessary? | p. 4 |
How New Species Are Described | p. 8 |
Scope and Organization of This Book | p. 12 |
The Pleasures of Systematics | p. 14 |
Sources | p. 15 |
Biological Nomenclature | p. 19 |
Humans as Taxonomists | p. 19 |
Biological Nomenclature | p. 21 |
Folk Taxonomy | p. 23 |
Binomial Nomenclature | p. 25 |
Development of Codes of Nomenclature | p. 26 |
The Current Codes of Nomenclature | p. 30 |
Future of the Codes | p. 36 |
Sources | p. 39 |
Recognizing Species | p. 41 |
Species and Their Discovery | p. 43 |
Species Concepts | p. 44 |
Processes Affecting Speciation | p. 46 |
Taxonomic Characters | p. 53 |
Examples of Ways in Which Biologists Have Discovered New Species | p. 55 |
Sources | p. 65 |
Establishing Identity: The Literature Search | p. 71 |
Mistakes and Bad Examples | p. 71 |
Establishing Identity | p. 73 |
Where to Find the Taxonomic Literature | p. 75 |
How to Read the Taxonomic Literature | p. 83 |
Species Descriptions | p. 83 |
Taxonomic Literature Searching on the Internet | p. 87 |
Sources | p. 88 |
Establishing Identity: Using Museum Collections | p. 95 |
Collections, Museums, and Herbaria | p. 96 |
Locating Material | p. 97 |
Borrowing Material | p. 102 |
Type Material | p. 103 |
Visiting Collections: What to Expect and how to Behave | p. 105 |
Cooperation with Systematists | p. 106 |
Sources | p. 107 |
Writing Species Descriptions | p. 113 |
Species Descriptions in Taxonomy | p. 115 |
Reasons for Writing Species Descriptions | p. 115 |
Different Kinds of Taxonomic Publications | p. 116 |
Form of the Descriptive Paper | p. 125 |
Headings and Synonymies | p. 129 |
Description Headings | p. 129 |
Synonyms | p. 134 |
Synonymies | p. 135 |
New Species | p. 136 |
Types of Synonymies | p. 137 |
Terms Used in Synonymies | p. 140 |
Different Kinds of Synonymies | p. 140 |
References in Headings and Synonymies | p. 144 |
Naming Species: Etymology | p. 147 |
Naming Species | p. 147 |
Brief Review of Latin and Greek | p. 149 |
Basic Rules of Species Names | p. 153 |
Descriptive Species Names | p. 156 |
Geographic Species Names | p. 164 |
Commemorative Species Names | p. 165 |
Nonsense Species Names | p. 169 |
The Etymology Section | p. 169 |
Sources | p. 171 |
Type and Voucher Material | p. 173 |
Rationale for Types and Vouchers | p. 173 |
Rules of Nomenclature Regarding Types | p. 175 |
Selection of Types and Vouchers | p. 175 |
Composition of Type Material | p. 177 |
Documentation of Type Material | p. 178 |
Deposition of Types | p. 179 |
Type Section | p. 182 |
Sources | p. 185 |
Diagnosis | p. 189 |
What Is a Diagnosis? | p. 189 |
Diagnosis in Zoological Taxonomy | p. 191 |
Diagnosis in Botanical Taxonomy | p. 191 |
What Is a Diagnostic Character? | p. 192 |
The Diagnosis Section: Animals | p. 193 |
The Diagnosis Section: Plants | p. 197 |
Additional Uses for Diagnoses | p. 198 |
Description Section | p. 201 |
Descriptive Writing | p. 201 |
Information Used in the Description Section | p. 203 |
Writing the Description | p. 210 |
Telegraphic Style | p. 211 |
The Description Section: Animals (Examples of Styles for Different Groups) | p. 214 |
The Description Section: Plants (Examples of Styles for Different Groups) | p. 228 |
Illustrating Taxonomic Descriptions | p. 231 |
Sources | p. 238 |
Taxonomic Discussion Section | p. 241 |
Purpose of the Discussion Section | p. 241 |
Discussion in Descriptions of New Species | p. 242 |
Evidence to Include | p. 247 |
Composite Papers | p. 254 |
The Discussion Section in Other Species Descriptions | p. 256 |
Taxonomic Ethics | p. 257 |
The Ecology Section | p. 261 |
Ecology in Species Descriptions | p. 261 |
Analysis of Ecological Variation | p. 265 |
Field Records: Getting the Most from Field Work | p. 265 |
Ecological Information from Museum Specimens | p. 268 |
The Ecology Section | p. 269 |
Sources | p. 273 |
Occurrence and Distribution | p. 277 |
Distributional Information in Species Descriptions | p. 277 |
Parameters of Species Distributions | p. 278 |
The Distribution Section | p. 281 |
Distribution Papers | p. 289 |
Sources | p. 290 |
Material Examined | p. 293 |
Practical Value | p. 293 |
In Original Descriptions | p. 294 |
In Other Descriptions | p. 295 |
Material Examined Section | p. 297 |
Material Examined: Botanical Taxonomy | p. 300 |
The Material Examined Paper | p. 301 |
Sources | p. 302 |
Publication | p. 303 |
Criteria of Publication: Zoology | p. 303 |
Criteria of Publication: Botany | p. 306 |
Preparation of the Manuscript | p. 307 |
Submission of the Manuscript | p. 311 |
Final Revision and Publication | p. 312 |
Journals That Publish Taxonomic Papers | p. 314 |
Beyond Species Description | p. 321 |
Subspecies | p. 323 |
Why Are Subspecies Important? | p. 323 |
Infraspecific Variation | p. 324 |
Rules of Infraspecific Nomenclature: Zoology | p. 327 |
Rules of Infraspecific Nomenclature: Botany | p. 329 |
Deciding When to Name an Infraspecific Taxon | p. 330 |
Writing Infraspecific Descriptions | p. 332 |
Sources | p. 334 |
Genus-Level Description and Revision | p. 337 |
The Genus Concept | p. 337 |
When to Describe a New Genus | p. 341 |
Generic Names | p. 341 |
Publication of Generic Names | p. 346 |
Generic Types | p. 346 |
Examples of Generic-Level Description | p. 349 |
Problems Caused by Generic Revision | p. 358 |
Infrageneric Categories and Names | p. 360 |
Sources | p. 363 |
Keys | p. 367 |
Keys in Taxonomy | p. 367 |
Key Characters | p. 370 |
Single-Access (Analytical or Sequential) Keys | p. 371 |
Multiaccess Keys (Polyclaves) | p. 375 |
Interactive Identification | p. 378 |
Key Construction | p. 378 |
Computerized Key Construction | p. 379 |
Sources | p. 380 |
Description of Higher Taxa | p. 383 |
Family Concepts and Their Use in Taxonomy | p. 384 |
Practical Significance in Biology | p. 385 |
Describing Families | p. 386 |
Family-Level Descriptions: Examples | p. 389 |
Redescriptions of Family-Level Taxa | p. 394 |
Descriptions of Taxa Above the Family Level | p. 396 |
Problems with Nomenclature of Higher Taxa | p. 405 |
Sources | p. 405 |
Common Problems | p. 407 |
Missing Types | p. 407 |
Lectotypes | p. 411 |
Neotypes | p. 416 |
Necessary Name Changes | p. 422 |
Replacement Names: Homonymy | p. 424 |
Conservation of a Name | p. 425 |
Emendations | p. 427 |
New Combinations | p. 428 |
Lack of Information | p. 431 |
Further Studies in Systematics | p. 433 |
Evolutionary Systematics | p. 434 |
Phenetics | p. 438 |
Cladistics | p. 439 |
Molecular Systematics | p. 446 |
Biogeography | p. 450 |
Comparative Biology | p. 451 |
Sources | p. 451 |
Literature Cited | p. 455 |
Subject Index | p. 489 |
Author Index | p. 503 |
Taxon Index | p. 513 |
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9780231068253
ISBN-10: 0231068255
Published: 4th November 1999
Format: Paperback
Language: English
Number of Pages: 512
Audience: General Adult
For Ages: 22+ years old
Publisher: Columbia University Press
Country of Publication: US
Edition Number: 1
Dimensions (cm): 22.76 x 15.44 x 2.94
Weight (kg): 0.89
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