List of Illustrations | p. xiii |
List of Tables | p. xvii |
Preface | p. xix |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 3 |
Describing the Living World | p. 3 |
Why Is Species Description Necessary? | p. 4 |
How New Species Are Described | p. 8 |
Scope and Organization of This Book | p. 12 |
The Pleasures of Systematics | p. 14 |
Sources | p. 15 |
Biological Nomenclature | p. 19 |
Humans as Taxonomists | p. 19 |
Biological Nomenclature | p. 21 |
Folk Taxonomy | p. 23 |
Binomial Nomenclature | p. 25 |
Development of Codes of Nomenclature | p. 26 |
The Current Codes of Nomenclature | p. 30 |
Future of the Codes | p. 36 |
Sources | p. 39 |
Recognizing Species | p. 41 |
Species and Their Discovery | p. 43 |
Species Concepts | p. 44 |
Processes Affecting Speciation | p. 46 |
Taxonomic Characters | p. 53 |
Examples of Ways in Which Biologists Have Discovered New Species | p. 55 |
Sources | p. 65 |
Establishing Identity: The Literature Search | p. 71 |
Mistakes and Bad Examples | p. 71 |
Establishing Identity | p. 73 |
Where to Find the Taxonomic Literature | p. 75 |
How to Read the Taxonomic Literature | p. 83 |
Species Descriptions | p. 83 |
Taxonomic Literature Searching on the Internet | p. 87 |
Sources | p. 88 |
Establishing Identity: Using Museum Collections | p. 95 |
Collections, Museums, and Herbaria | p. 96 |
Locating Material | p. 97 |
Borrowing Material | p. 102 |
Type Material | p. 103 |
Visiting Collections: What to Expect and how to Behave | p. 105 |
Cooperation with Systematists | p. 106 |
Sources | p. 107 |
Writing Species Descriptions | p. 113 |
Species Descriptions in Taxonomy | p. 115 |
Reasons for Writing Species Descriptions | p. 115 |
Different Kinds of Taxonomic Publications | p. 116 |
Form of the Descriptive Paper | p. 125 |
Headings and Synonymies | p. 129 |
Description Headings | p. 129 |
Synonyms | p. 134 |
Synonymies | p. 135 |
New Species | p. 136 |
Types of Synonymies | p. 137 |
Terms Used in Synonymies | p. 140 |
Different Kinds of Synonymies | p. 140 |
References in Headings and Synonymies | p. 144 |
Naming Species: Etymology | p. 147 |
Naming Species | p. 147 |
Brief Review of Latin and Greek | p. 149 |
Basic Rules of Species Names | p. 153 |
Descriptive Species Names | p. 156 |
Geographic Species Names | p. 164 |
Commemorative Species Names | p. 165 |
Nonsense Species Names | p. 169 |
The Etymology Section | p. 169 |
Sources | p. 171 |
Type and Voucher Material | p. 173 |
Rationale for Types and Vouchers | p. 173 |
Rules of Nomenclature Regarding Types | p. 175 |
Selection of Types and Vouchers | p. 175 |
Composition of Type Material | p. 177 |
Documentation of Type Material | p. 178 |
Deposition of Types | p. 179 |
Type Section | p. 182 |
Sources | p. 185 |
Diagnosis | p. 189 |
What Is a Diagnosis? | p. 189 |
Diagnosis in Zoological Taxonomy | p. 191 |
Diagnosis in Botanical Taxonomy | p. 191 |
What Is a Diagnostic Character? | p. 192 |
The Diagnosis Section: Animals | p. 193 |
The Diagnosis Section: Plants | p. 197 |
Additional Uses for Diagnoses | p. 198 |
Description Section | p. 201 |
Descriptive Writing | p. 201 |
Information Used in the Description Section | p. 203 |
Writing the Description | p. 210 |
Telegraphic Style | p. 211 |
The Description Section: Animals (Examples of Styles for Different Groups) | p. 214 |
The Description Section: Plants (Examples of Styles for Different Groups) | p. 228 |
Illustrating Taxonomic Descriptions | p. 231 |
Sources | p. 238 |
Taxonomic Discussion Section | p. 241 |
Purpose of the Discussion Section | p. 241 |
Discussion in Descriptions of New Species | p. 242 |
Evidence to Include | p. 247 |
Composite Papers | p. 254 |
The Discussion Section in Other Species Descriptions | p. 256 |
Taxonomic Ethics | p. 257 |
The Ecology Section | p. 261 |
Ecology in Species Descriptions | p. 261 |
Analysis of Ecological Variation | p. 265 |
Field Records: Getting the Most from Field Work | p. 265 |
Ecological Information from Museum Specimens | p. 268 |
The Ecology Section | p. 269 |
Sources | p. 273 |
Occurrence and Distribution | p. 277 |
Distributional Information in Species Descriptions | p. 277 |
Parameters of Species Distributions | p. 278 |
The Distribution Section | p. 281 |
Distribution Papers | p. 289 |
Sources | p. 290 |
Material Examined | p. 293 |
Practical Value | p. 293 |
In Original Descriptions | p. 294 |
In Other Descriptions | p. 295 |
Material Examined Section | p. 297 |
Material Examined: Botanical Taxonomy | p. 300 |
The Material Examined Paper | p. 301 |
Sources | p. 302 |
Publication | p. 303 |
Criteria of Publication: Zoology | p. 303 |
Criteria of Publication: Botany | p. 306 |
Preparation of the Manuscript | p. 307 |
Submission of the Manuscript | p. 311 |
Final Revision and Publication | p. 312 |
Journals That Publish Taxonomic Papers | p. 314 |
Beyond Species Description | p. 321 |
Subspecies | p. 323 |
Why Are Subspecies Important? | p. 323 |
Infraspecific Variation | p. 324 |
Rules of Infraspecific Nomenclature: Zoology | p. 327 |
Rules of Infraspecific Nomenclature: Botany | p. 329 |
Deciding When to Name an Infraspecific Taxon | p. 330 |
Writing Infraspecific Descriptions | p. 332 |
Sources | p. 334 |
Genus-Level Description and Revision | p. 337 |
The Genus Concept | p. 337 |
When to Describe a New Genus | p. 341 |
Generic Names | p. 341 |
Publication of Generic Names | p. 346 |
Generic Types | p. 346 |
Examples of Generic-Level Description | p. 349 |
Problems Caused by Generic Revision | p. 358 |
Infrageneric Categories and Names | p. 360 |
Sources | p. 363 |
Keys | p. 367 |
Keys in Taxonomy | p. 367 |
Key Characters | p. 370 |
Single-Access (Analytical or Sequential) Keys | p. 371 |
Multiaccess Keys (Polyclaves) | p. 375 |
Interactive Identification | p. 378 |
Key Construction | p. 378 |
Computerized Key Construction | p. 379 |
Sources | p. 380 |
Description of Higher Taxa | p. 383 |
Family Concepts and Their Use in Taxonomy | p. 384 |
Practical Significance in Biology | p. 385 |
Describing Families | p. 386 |
Family-Level Descriptions: Examples | p. 389 |
Redescriptions of Family-Level Taxa | p. 394 |
Descriptions of Taxa Above the Family Level | p. 396 |
Problems with Nomenclature of Higher Taxa | p. 405 |
Sources | p. 405 |
Common Problems | p. 407 |
Missing Types | p. 407 |
Lectotypes | p. 411 |
Neotypes | p. 416 |
Necessary Name Changes | p. 422 |
Replacement Names: Homonymy | p. 424 |
Conservation of a Name | p. 425 |
Emendations | p. 427 |
New Combinations | p. 428 |
Lack of Information | p. 431 |
Further Studies in Systematics | p. 433 |
Evolutionary Systematics | p. 434 |
Phenetics | p. 438 |
Cladistics | p. 439 |
Molecular Systematics | p. 446 |
Biogeography | p. 450 |
Comparative Biology | p. 451 |
Sources | p. 451 |
Literature Cited | p. 455 |
Subject Index | p. 489 |
Author Index | p. 503 |
Taxon Index | p. 513 |
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