Detection of Fetal Abnormalities Based on Three Dimensional Nuchal Translucency

1 Introduction 1.1 Background of Research 1.2 Problem Statement 1.3 Objectives 1.4 Scope of Project 1.5 Contribution of Book 2 Medicine and Engineering Related Researches on the Utility of Two Dimensional Nuchal Translucency 2.1 Review of Trisomy 21 2.2 History of Trisomy 21 Detection 2.3 Maternal Age Factor 2.4 Effect of Previous Pregnancies Factor 2.5 Existing Detection Methods of Trisomy 21 2.5.1 Ultrasound 2.5.2 Maternal Serum Markers 2.5.3 Genetic Testing 2.5.4 Summary 2.6 Two Dimensional Nuchal Translucency 2.6.1 Medicine Review and Related Researches 2.6.1.1 Existing Limitation 2.6.2 Engineering Review and Related Researches 2.6.2.1 Summary 2.7 Three Dimensional Ultrasound Applications 2.7.1 Summary 3 Designs and Implementation of Three Dimensional Nuchal Translucency 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Data Acquisition 3.3 DICOM and Clips Storage 3.4 3D NT Reconstruction and Visualization 3.4.1 3D Scanning Acquisitions 3.4.2 3D Volume Rendering 3.4.2.1 Virtual Slider Extraction Designs 3.4.2.2 VTK Widget Event Handling Mechanism 3.5 3D Nuchal Translucency Segmentation 3.5.1 Preprocessing 3D Diffusion 3.5.2 3D Seeded Region-Based Segmentation 3.5.3 3D NT in Vivo Measurement 4 Clinical Tests and Measurements 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Descriptive Analysis 4.3 Intra-Observer Variability 4.4 Level Agreement between Measurements 4.4.1 Paired Sample t-test 4.5 Method Repeatability 4.6 Summary 4.7 Discussion 4.7.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Early Fetal Abnormalities Detection 5 Future Improvements 5.1 Conclusions 5.2 Limitations and Recommendations