In Different, world-renowned primatologist Frans de Waal draws on decades of observation and studies of both human and animal behavior to argue that despite the linkage between gender and biological sex, biology does not automatically support the traditional gender roles in human societies. While humans and other primates do share some behavioral differences, biology offers no justification for existing gender inequalities.
Using chimpanzees and bonobos to illustrate this point--two ape relatives that are genetically equally close to humans--de Waal challenges widely held beliefs about masculinity and femininity, and common assumptions about authority, leadership, cooperation, competition, filial bonds, and sexual behavior. Chimpanzees are male-dominated and violent, while bonobos are female-dominated and peaceful. In both species, political power needs to be distinguished from physical dominance. Power is not limited to the males, and both sexes show true leadership capacities.
Different is a fresh and thought-provoking approach to the long-running debate about the balance between nature and nurture, and where sex and gender roles fit in. De Waal peppers his discussion with details from his own life--a Dutch childhood in a family of six boys, his marriage to a French woman with a different orientation toward gender, and decades of academic turf wars over outdated scientific theories that have proven hard to dislodge from public discourse. He discusses sexual orientation, gender identity, and the limitations of the gender binary, exceptions to which are also found in other primates.
With humor, clarity, and compassion, Different seeks to broaden the conversation about human gender dynamics by promoting an inclusive model that embraces differences, rather than negating them.
Industry Reviews
"A brilliant and fascinating book that brings a scientific, compassionate and balanced approach to some of the hottest controversies about sex and gender." -- Yuval Noah Harari, New York Times best-selling author of Sapiens
"This book is superb! Frans de Waal is not only one of the world's most respected primatologists-he's also a ballsy feminist who, in these riveting pages, ventures into territory where most writers in academia and letters fear to tread.... These pages are packed with great stories, fascinating data, and thought-provoking ideas. They are sure to spark the important conversations we all-male and female, queer and straight, trans and nonbinary-need to have to create a more just and equitable human society." -- Sy Montgomery, author of The Soul of an Octopus
"Moving with fluidity and grace between animal and human models, Frans de Waal demonstrates how many common social prejudices that we deem 'natural' are in fact anything but. His crisp writing, his skillful deployment of anecdote, and his deep knowledge of animal science inform this nuanced and profound consideration not only of difference but also of sameness." -- Andrew Solomon, author of Far from the Tree and The Noonday Demon
"It is a brave man these days who ventures into the minefield of gender differences. But Frans de Waal relies on a gift for storytelling, a sincere respect for culture, along with intimate knowledge of longtime bonobo and chimpanzee associates to deftly negotiate this treacherous terrain. Wise and humane." -- Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, author of The Woman that Never Evolved, Mother Nature, and Mothers and Others
"The current debate on the subject of gender differences is in need of a calm biological assessment which Frans de Waal's thoughtful book Different gives us." -- Desmond Morris, author of The Naked Ape: A Zoologist's Study of the Human Animal
"Women versus men. Sex versus gender. Biology versus social inculcation. Few domains more effectively tempt fools to rush in than the topic of sex differences. In this case, however, rather than being a fool, Frans de Waal is our wisest primatologist, turning his attention to this irresistible topic. With great clarity, insight, and wit, he examines human sex differences, never once letting us forget that, at the end of the day, we are just another kind of primate. This is a superb, intensely stimulating read." -- Robert M. Sapolsky, author of Behave
"[de Waal] argue[s] with wit and clarity against assumptions about sex and gender that generate inequality.... Engaging, enlightening, and deeply informative." -- Kirkus, starred review
"Fascinating.... De Waal shines in his empathetic, Tolstoyan portrait of animal life.... This surprising look at the nature of primates has a lot to say about what it means to be human." -- Publishers Weekly
