| Preface | p. ix |
| Acknowledgements | p. xiii |
| Introduction to image processing | p. 1 |
| Introduction | p. 3 |
| Imaging systems | p. 3 |
| Objects and images | p. 7 |
| The digital image processing system | p. 10 |
| Applications of digital image processing | p. 13 |
| Exercises | p. 15 |
| Imaging systems | p. 16 |
| The human visual pathway | p. 16 |
| Photographic film | p. 20 |
| Other sensors | p. 26 |
| Digitizing an image | p. 27 |
| The quality of a digital image | p. 34 |
| Color images | p. 40 |
| Computer-based activities | p. 43 |
| Exercises | p. 45 |
| Medical images obtained with ionizing radiation | p. 47 |
| Medical imaging modalities | p. 47 |
| Images from x-rays | p. 48 |
| Images from y-rays | p. 77 |
| Dose and risk | p. 84 |
| Computer-based activities | p. 86 |
| Exercises | p. 87 |
| Medical images obtained with non-ionizing radiation | p. 90 |
| Ultrasound imaging | p. 91 |
| Magnetic resonance imaging | p. 100 |
| Picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) | p. 115 |
| Computer-based activities | p. 118 |
| Exercises | p. 120 |
| Fundamental concepts of image processing | p. 121 |
| Fundamentals of digital image processing | p. 123 |
| The gray-level histogram | p. 123 |
| Histogram transformations and look-up tables | p. 135 |
| Computer-based activities | p. 148 |
| Exercises | p. 151 |
| Image enhancement in the spatial domain | p. 155 |
| Algebraic operations | p. 156 |
| Logical (Boolean) operations | p. 159 |
| Geometric operations | p. 162 |
| Convolution-based operations | p. 170 |
| Computer-based activities | p. 189 |
| Exercises | p. 191 |
| Image enhancement in the frequency domain | p. 194 |
| The Fourier domain | p. 195 |
| The Fourier transform | p. 198 |
| Properties of the Fourier transform | p. 205 |
| Sampling | p. 207 |
| Cross-correlation and autocorrelation | p. 217 |
| Imaging systems - point spread function and optical transfer function | p. 219 |
| Frequency domain filters | p. 223 |
| Tomographic reconstruction | p. 231 |
| Computer-based activities | p. 237 |
| Exercises | p. 243 |
| Image restoration | p. 246 |
| Image degradation | p. 246 |
| Noise | p. 247 |
| Noise-reduction filters | p. 252 |
| Blurring | p. 258 |
| Modeling image degradation | p. 260 |
| Geometric degradations | p. 263 |
| Computer-based activities | p. 268 |
| Exercises | p. 269 |
| Image analysis | p. 271 |
| Morphological image processing | p. 273 |
| Mathematical morphology | p. 273 |
| Morphological operators | p. 275 |
| Extension to grayscale images | p. 295 |
| Computer-based activities | p. 301 |
| Exercises | p. 305 |
| Image segmentation | p. 309 |
| What is segmentation? | p. 309 |
| Thresholding | p. 311 |
| Region-based methods | p. 321 |
| Boundary-based methods | p. 324 |
| Other methods | p. 326 |
| Computer-based activities | p. 335 |
| Exercises | p. 338 |
| Feature recognition and classification | p. 339 |
| Object recognition and classification | p. 340 |
| Connected components labeling | p. 340 |
| Features | p. 342 |
| Object recognition and classification | p. 348 |
| Statistical classification | p. 351 |
| Structural/syntactic classification | p. 364 |
| Applications in medical image analysis | p. 364 |
| Computer-based activities | p. 367 |
| Exercises | p. 367 |
| Three-dimensional visualization | p. 369 |
| Image visualization | p. 369 |
| Surface rendering | p. 370 |
| Volume rendering | p. 374 |
| Virtual reality | p. 376 |
| Computer-based activities | p. 377 |
| Exercises | p. 377 |
| Medical applications and ongoing developments | p. 379 |
| Medical applications of imaging | p. 381 |
| Computer-aided diagnosis in mammography | p. 381 |
| Tumor imaging and treatment | p. 385 |
| Angiography | p. 386 |
| Bone strength and osteoporosis | p. 388 |
| Tortuosity | p. 389 |
| Frontiers of image processing in medicine | p. 395 |
| Trends | p. 395 |
| The last word | p. 398 |
| The Fourier series and Fourier transform | p. 399 |
| Set theory and probability | p. 405 |
| Shape and texture | p. 423 |
| Bibliography | p. 432 |
| Index | p. 440 |
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