List of Contributors | p. ix |
Acknowledgments | p. xi |
Preface | p. xiii |
Picture Coding and Human Visual System Fundamentals | p. 1 |
Digital Picture Compression and Coding Structure | p. 3 |
Introduction to Digital Picture Coding | p. 3 |
Characteristics of Picture Data | p. 6 |
Compression and Coding Techniques | p. 12 |
Picture Quantization | p. 21 |
Rate-Distortion Theory | p. 25 |
Human Visual Systems | p. 26 |
Digital Picture Coding Standards and Systems | p. 31 |
Summary | p. 40 |
Fundamentals of Human Vision and Vision Modeling | p. 45 |
Introduction | p. 45 |
A Brief Overview of the Visual System | p. 45 |
Color Vision | p. 47 |
Luminance and the Perception of Light Intensity | p. 55 |
Spatial Vision and Contrast Sensitivity | p. 59 |
Temporal Vision and Motion | p. 75 |
Visual Modeling | p. 80 |
Conclusions | p. 81 |
Coding Artifacts and Visual Distortions | p. 87 |
Introduction | p. 87 |
Blocking Effect | p. 88 |
Basis Image Effect | p. 91 |
Blurring | p. 93 |
Color Bleeding | p. 93 |
Staircase Effect | p. 96 |
Ringing | p. 97 |
Mosaic Patterns | p. 99 |
False Contouring | p. 102 |
False Edges | p. 104 |
MC Mismatch | p. 106 |
Mosquito Effect | p. 108 |
Stationary Area Fluctuations | p. 110 |
Chrominance Mismatch | p. 112 |
Video Scaling and Field Rate Conversion | p. 113 |
Deinterlacing | p. 116 |
Summary | p. 119 |
Picture Quality Assessment and Metrics | p. 123 |
Video Quality Testing | p. 125 |
Introduction | p. 125 |
Subjective Assessment Methodologies | p. 126 |
Selection of Test Materials | p. 126 |
Selection of Participants - Subjects | p. 128 |
Experimental Design | p. 129 |
International Test Methods | p. 132 |
Objective Assessment Methods | p. 150 |
Summary | p. 151 |
Perceptual Video Quality Metrics - A Review | p. 155 |
Introduction | p. 155 |
Quality Factors | p. 156 |
Metric Classification | p. 157 |
Pixel-Based Metrics | p. 159 |
The Psychophysical Approach | p. 160 |
The Engineering Approach | p. 165 |
Metric Comparisons | p. 170 |
Conclusions and Perspectives | p. 172 |
Philosophy of Picture Quality Scale | p. 181 |
Objective Picture Quality Scale for Image Coding | p. 181 |
Application of PQS to a Variety of Electronic Images | p. 202 |
Various Categories of Image Systems | p. 209 |
Study at ITU | p. 213 |
Conclusion | p. 218 |
Structural Similarity Based Image Quality Assessment | p. 225 |
Structural Similarity and Image Quality | p. 225 |
The Structural SIMilarity (SSIM) Index | p. 228 |
Image Quality Assessment Based on the SSIM Index | p. 233 |
Discussions | p. 236 |
Vision Model Based Digital Video Impairment Metrics | p. 243 |
Introduction | p. 243 |
Vision Modeling for Impairment Measurement | p. 247 |
Perceptual Blocking Distortion Metric | p. 258 |
Perceptual Ringing Distortion Measure | p. 269 |
Conclusion | p. 275 |
Computational Models for Just-Noticeable Difference | p. 281 |
Introduction | p. 281 |
JND with DCT Subbands | p. 285 |
JND with Pixels | p. 294 |
JND Model Evaluation | p. 298 |
Conclusions | p. 299 |
No-Reference Quality Metric for Degraded and Enhanced Video | p. 305 |
Introduction | p. 305 |
State-of-the-Art for No-Reference Metrics | p. 306 |
Quality Metric Components and Design | p. 307 |
No-Reference Overall Quality Metric | p. 313 |
Performance of the Quality Metric | p. 317 |
Conclusions and Future Research | p. 321 |
Video Quality Experts Group | p. 325 |
Formation | p. 325 |
Goals | p. 326 |
Phase I | p. 326 |
Phase II | p. 330 |
Continuing Work and Directions | p. 332 |
Summary | p. 332 |
Perceptual Coding and Processing of Digital Pictures | p. 335 |
HVS Based Perceptual Video Encoders | p. 337 |
Introduction | p. 337 |
Noise Visibility and Visual Masking | p. 338 |
Architectures for Perceptual Based Coding | p. 340 |
Standards-Specific Features | p. 352 |
Salience/Maskability Pre-Processing | p. 357 |
Application to Multi-Channel Encoding | p. 358 |
Perceptual Image Coding | p. 361 |
Introduction | p. 361 |
A Perceptual Distortion Metric Based Image Coder | p. 368 |
Model Calibration | p. 377 |
Performance Evaluation | p. 394 |
Perceptual Lossless Coder | p. 412 |
Summary | p. 419 |
Foveated Image and Video Coding | p. 431 |
Foveated Human Vision and Foveated Image Processing | p. 431 |
Foveation Methods | p. 434 |
Scalable Foveated Image and Video Coding | p. 440 |
Discussions | p. 452 |
Artifact Reduction by Post-Processing in Image Compression | p. 459 |
Introduction | p. 459 |
Image Compression and Coding Artifacts | p. 461 |
Reduction of Blocking Artifacts | p. 465 |
Reduction of Ringing Artifacts | p. 482 |
Summary | p. 484 |
Reduction of Color Bleeding in DCT Block-Coded Video | p. 489 |
Introduction | p. 489 |
Analysis of the Color Bleeding Phenomenon | p. 490 |
Description of the Post-Processor | p. 495 |
Experimental Results - Concluding Remarks | p. 499 |
Error Resilience for Video Coding Service | p. 503 |
Introduction to Error Resilient Coding Techniques | p. 503 |
Error Resilient Coding Methods Compatible with MPEG-2 | p. 504 |
Methods for Concealment of Cell Loss | p. 513 |
Experimental Procedure | p. 523 |
Experimental Results | p. 524 |
Conclusions | p. 527 |
Critical Issues and Challenges | p. 543 |
Picture Coding Structures | p. 543 |
Vision Modeling Issues | p. 554 |
Spatio-Temporal Masking in Video Coding | p. 558 |
Picture Quality Assessment | p. 559 |
Challenges in Perceptual Coder Design | p. 562 |
Codec System Design Optimization | p. 566 |
Summary | p. 566 |
VQM Performance Metrics | p. 575 |
Metrics Relating to Model Prediction Accuracy | p. 576 |
Metrics Relating to Prediction Monotonicity of a Model | p. 580 |
Metrics Relating to Prediction Consistency | p. 581 |
MATLAB Source Code | p. 583 |
Supplementary Analyses | p. 591 |
Index | p. 595 |
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