Discrimination and the Law 2e

Detailed Contents Preface ix List of Tables x Glossary of Acronyms xi Table of Cases xii Table of Legislation xvi 1 Equality 1 1.1 Purpose 2 1.2 How fair is Britain? 2 1.3 Equality 3 1.4 Stereotyping 5 1.5 Does discrimination still take place? 6 1.6 The grounds for discrimination 7 1.7 Multiple discrimination 9 1.8 Discrimination outside employment 11 1.9 Reflections 12 2 European Perspectives 13 2.1 The European Union 14 2.2 The Equality Directives 15 2.3 Facilities, goods and services 23 2.4 Human rights 23 2.5 Reflections 26 3 The Equality Act 2010 27 3.1 Introduction 28 3.2 The protected characteristics 28 3.3 Prohibited conduct 29 3.4 Burden of proof 36 3.5 Equality of terms 38 3.6 Remedies 39 3.7 Liability of employers and employees 40 3.8 Relationships that have come to an end 40 3.9 Aiding contraventions 40 3.10 Contracts 41 3.11 The Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Act 2013 41 3.12Reflections 42 4 Age and Ageism 43 4.1 Introduction 44 4.2 Population ageing 45 4.3 Attitudes to age 46 4.4 The Framework Directive 48 4.5 Young workers 49 4.6 Unlawful actions 51 4.7 Direct and indirect discrimination 51 4.8 The Equality Act 2010 54 4.9Reflections 56 5 Disability 57 5.1 Introduction 58 5.2 The United Nations Convention 59 5.3 The Equality Act 2010 60 5.4 The meaning of disability 61 5.5 Unfavourable treatment 5.6 Duty to make adjustments 66 576 Positive action 68 5.8 Recruitment 68 5.9Reflections 69 6 Pregnancy and Maternity 70 6.1 Introduction 71 6.2 Discrimination 72 6.3 The Pregnant Workers Directive 73 6.4 Protection in the United Kingdom 74 6.5 The Maternity and Parental Leave etc. Regulations 1999 75 6.6 Employment rights 76 6.7 Protection from detriment 78 6.8 Protection from detriment and dismissal 79 6.9 Return to work 80 6.10Reflections 80 7 Race, Colour, Ethnicity and Migrant Workers 82 7.1 Introduction 83 7.2 The Race Directive 84 7.3 The Equality Act 2010 84 7.4 Migrant workers 88 93 7.5Reflections 95 8 Religion or Belief 96 8.1 Introduction 97 8.2 Religion 97 8.3 Belief 99 8.4 The Equality Act 2010 99 8.5 Occupational requirements relating to organised religion and belief 101 8.6 Manifestation of religious belief 102 8.7 Sexual orientation 104 8.8 The European Convention on Human Rights 105 8.9 The European Court of Human Rights 107 8.10Reflections 108 9 Sex Equality 110 9.1 Introduction 111 9.2 Women and men 111 9.3 The European Union 112 9.4 The Equality Act 2010 113 9.5 Marriage or civil partnership 115 9.6 Older women 116 9.7 Equality of terms 118 9.8 Women on boards 122 9.9 Gender pay gap information and discussions about pay 123 9.10Reflections 124 10 Sexual Orientation and Gender Reassignment 125 10.1 Introduction 126 10.2 Sexual orientation 126 10.3 LGBT 126 10.4 Gender reassignment 128 10.5 Marriage or civil partnership 131 10.6Reflections 132 11 Discrimination In the workplace 11.1 Trade union membership and activities 11.2 Non-standard working 11.3 Public Sector Equality Duty 11.4 How to prevent discrimination in the workplace 11.5 Reflections Appendix - Equality Act 2010 Part 2 133 Bibliography 143 Index 146