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Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water : Formation, Analysis, and Control - Yuefeng Xie

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Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water

Name: Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water
Brand: Taylor & Francis Inc
Price: 108.9 AUD
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Formation, Analysis, and Control

By: Yuefeng Xie

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Hardcover | 27 August 2003 | Edition Number 1

At a Glance

Hardcover
178 Pages

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23.4 x 15.6 x 1.27

Hardcover

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The EPA has established regulations which classify four types of disinfection byproducts - TTHMs, haloacetic acids, bromate, and chlorite - and requires public water systems limit these byproducts to specific levels. Most of the information required to comply with these standards is either scattered throughout the literature or derived from conferences or symposiums. Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water: Formation, Analysis, and Control pulls all the information together to provide a needed organized presentation of disinfection byproduct analysis, formation, and control.

The author begins with an introduction to all disinfection byproducts (DBPs), including their nomenclatures, molecular structures, and formation. He discusses the effects of various water quality parameters on the formation and stability of DBPs in drinking water. He further examines DBP degradation reactions, the effects of various water treatment processes on the formation and removal of DBPs, various technologies for DBP removal and control in drinking water, and the formation and control of inorganic DBPs. The text also reviews past, current, and future regulations, as well as current analytical methods and data evaluation for disinfection byproducts monitoring.

Bringing together the findings of many notable researchers in the field, Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water serves as a practical guide to understanding the formation of disinfection byproducts and explaining how they are analyzed and controlled. Chemists in plants and laboratories will value the analytical techniques offered in the book, and plant engineers will benefit from the formation and control information.

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Prelude	p. 1
Disinfection Byproducts	p. 7
Objectives	p. 7
Nomenclature	p. 7
Trihalomethanes	p. 8
Haloacetic Acids	p. 9
Monohaloacetic Acids	p. 9
Dihaloacetic Acids	p. 10
Trihaloacetic Acids	p. 10
Inorganic Disinfection Byproducts	p. 11
Other Halogenated Disinfection Byproducts	p. 12
Trichloroacetaldehyde and Its Brominated Analogues	p. 12
Haloacetonitriles	p. 14
Halopropanones	p. 15
Trichloronitromethane and Its Brominated Analogues	p. 17
Cyanogen Chloride and Its Brominated Analogue	p. 17
MX	p. 18
Total Organic Halide	p. 18
Ozonation DBPs	p. 19
Aldehydes	p. 19
Ketoacids	p. 19
Carboxylic Acids	p. 20
N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA)	p. 20
Nomenclature	p. 21
Formation of Disinfection Byproducts	p. 23
Objectives	p. 23
Nomenclature	p. 23
Formation Mechanisms	p. 24
Trihalomethanes	p. 24
Haloacetic Acids	p. 24
Other Halogenated DBPs	p. 25
Ozonation Byproducts	p. 25
Factors Affecting DBP Formation	p. 26
Effects of NOM	p. 26
Effects of Chlorine Dose	p. 27
Effect of Chlorination Time	p. 30
Effects of pH	p. 30
Effects of Bromide	p. 32
Evaluation of DBP Formation in Treated Water	p. 34
Formation Potential Test	p. 35
Simulated Distribution System Test	p. 36
Uniform Formation Conditions Test	p. 36
Stability of Disinfection Byproducts	p. 39
Objectives	p. 39
Nomenclature	p. 39
Hydrolysis	p. 39
Oxidation	p. 43
Dehalogenation	p. 44
Biological Degradation and Dehalogenation	p. 47
Effects of Treatment Process on Disinfection Byproducts	p. 51
Objectives	p. 51
Nomenclature	p. 51
Preoxidation	p. 52
Coagulation	p. 54
Carbon Adsorption	p. 56
Biofiltration	p. 59
Membrane filtration	p. 64
Summary	p. 66
Disinfection Byproduct Control	p. 69
Objectives	p. 69
Nomenclature	p. 69
Enhanced Coagulation	p. 70
Enhanced Coagulation Requirements	p. 70
Practices of Enhanced Coagulation	p. 73
Coagulants	p. 73
pH Preadjustment	p. 75
Impacts of Enhanced Coagulation	p. 75
Carbon Adsorption	p. 77
DBP Precursor Removal	p. 77
DBP Removal	p. 78
Point-of-Use Carbon Devices	p. 80
Changing the Chlorination Point	p. 81
Alternative Disinfectants	p. 82
Chloramines	p. 82
Ozone	p. 82
Chlorine Dioxide	p. 83
Ultraviolet	p. 83
Combinations of Disinfectants	p. 84
Membrane Technologies	p. 85
Pretreatment	p. 85
Post-Treatment	p. 85
Waste Disposal	p. 86
Costs of DBP Control Technologies	p. 87
Inorganic Disinfection Byproducts	p. 91
Objectives	p. 91
Nomenclature	p. 91
Bromate	p. 91
Formation of Bromate	p. 91
Formation Mechanisms	p. 91
Effect of Bromide Concentration	p. 93
Ozone Dosage	p. 94
Effect of pH	p. 94
Effect of Natural Organic Matter	p. 96
Effect of Ammonia	p. 96
Effect of H2O2 Addition	p. 97
Bromate Removal and Control	p. 98
Chlorite	p. 98
Formation of Chlorite	p. 98
Chlorite Removal and Control	p. 100
Chlorate	p. 101
Formation of Chlorate	p. 101
Chlorate Removal and Control	p. 102
Disinfection Byproduct Regulations	p. 105
Objectives	p. 105
Nomenclature	p. 105
Total Trihalomethane Rule	p. 106
Information Collection Rule	p. 106
Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule	p. 107
Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule	p. 110
Other DBP Related Regulations	p. 111
Total Coliform Rule	p. 111
Surface Water Treatment Rule	p. 111
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule	p. 111
Filter Backwash Recycling Rule	p. 112
Long Term 1 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule	p. 112
Ground Water Rule	p. 112
Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule	p. 113
Technical Guidance Documents	p. 113
Disinfection Byproduct Analysis and Data Evaluation	p. 115
Objectives	p. 115
Nomenclature	p. 115
Approved Methods for DBPs	p. 116
Trihalomethanes (THMs)	p. 116
Haloacetic Acids	p. 117
Bromate and Chlorite	p. 119
Haloacetonitriles, Chloral Hydrate, Chloropicrin, and Chloropropanones	p. 119
Cyanogen Chloride	p. 119
Aldehydes	p. 120
Ketoacids	p. 120
MX	p. 121
NDMA	p. 121
Typical Analytical Problems	p. 121
Bromide Contamination	p. 121
Chloroform Contamination	p. 122
Incomplete Methylation	p. 122
Sample Degradation	p. 123
Analytical Artifacts	p. 123
Evaluating the Integrity of DBP Data	p. 124
Typical Data Pattern	p. 124
The V-Trap Rule	p. 126
Disinfection Byproduct Information Resources	p. 131
Objectives	p. 131
Nomenclature	p. 131
Books	p. 131
Web Sites	p. 134
Journals	p. 139
Conferences	p. 140
Video Tapes	p. 141
Overview of Drinking Water Treatment Processes	p. 143
Objectives	p. 143
Nomenclature	p. 143
Introduction	p. 143
Coagulation	p. 144
Flocculation	p. 146
Sedimentation	p. 146
Filtration	p. 147
Disinfection	p. 148
Preoxidation	p. 151
Carbon Adsorption	p. 152
Xie's Bar Theory: Water Coagulation	p. 153
Index	p. 155
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Disinfection Byproducts in Drinking Water

Formation, Analysis, and Control

At a Glance

Hardcover

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