DWDM

Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
List of Physical Constants xxi
Introduction xxiii

1 The Physics of Optical Components 1
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. The Nature of Light 3
1.3. Optical Materials 13
1.4. Light Meets Matter 15
1.5. The Fiber as an Optical Transmission Medium 41
1.6. Nonlinear Phenomena 75
1.7. Solitons 80
1.8. Summary of Nonlinear Phenomena 82
1.9. Factors that Affect Matter and Light 82
1.10. Regarding Optical Fiber 83
1.11. Fiber Connectivity 86
1.12. Optical PWBs 87

2 Optical Components 93
2.1. Introduction 93
2.2. Optical Filters 96
2.3. Optical Directional Couplers 125
2.4. Optical Power Attenuators 128
2.5. Polarizers and Rotators 129
2.6. Beam Splitters 129
2.7. Optical Isolators and Circulators 130
2.8. Quarter-Wavelength and Half-Wavelength Plates 132
2.9. Optical Multiplexers and Demultiplexers 132
2.10. Optical Cross-Connects 135
2.11. Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers 145
2.12. Optical Equalizers 147
2.13. Light Sources 149
2.14. Laser Beams 166
2.15. Modulators 171
2.16. Photodetectors and Receivers 178
2.17. Optical Amplifiers 183
2.18. Wavelength Converters 208
2.19. Optical Phase-Locked Loops 210
2.20. Ring Resonators 211
2.21. Optical Attenuators 212
2.22. Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio 212
2.23. New Materials and Components 219

3 Communications Fundamentals 235
3.1. Introduction 235
3.2. Pulse Coded Modulation 236
3.3. Loop Accessing Methods 237
3.4. Time Division Multiplexing Systems 244
3.5. Getting Connected 254
3.6. Data Systems 255
3.7. SONET and SDH 270
3.8. Internet 282
3.9. Optical Networks 287
3.10. What Is a DWDM System and Network? 288

4 DWDM Systems 294
4.1. Introduction 294
4.2. DWDM Network Topologies-Review 295
4.3. DWDM Systems and Network Layers 299
4.4. Key Building Blocks of a DWDM System 303
4.5. Wavelength Management Strategy 339
4.6. Equipment Sensing Strategy 345
4.7. Fault Detection and Reporting Strategy 346
4.8. Power Strategy 353
4.9. DWDM Systems by Network Layer 354
4.10. Protected and Unprotected Systems 368
4.11. Engineering DWDM Systems 370

5 DWDM Networks 388
5.1. Introduction 388
5.2. The Optical Transport Network 394
5.3. DWDM Network Topologies and Restoration Strategies 397
5.4. Dispersion Management 410
5.5. Bandwidth Management 411
5.6. Fiber Span Between Transmitter and Receiver 415
5.7. Fault Management 416
5.8. Network Security 417
5.9. DWDM Network Issues 417
5.10. Wireless DWDM Networks 421

6 Emerging Technologies 428
6.1. Introduction 428
6.2. Emerging Technologies 428
6.3. Current Research 434
6.4. Conclusion 436

References 436
Standards 437
Answers to Exercises 439
Acronyms 445
Index 463
About the Author 487