Preface xv
Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE
Chapter 1. The Electrical Distribution Network: From Heritage
to Innovation 1
Nouredine HADJSAÏD, Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE and
Jean-Pierre ANGELIER
1.1. Introduction 1
1.2. The new power system paradigm 6
1.3. Structure and characteristics of current distribution
systems 7
1.4. Consumption 11
1.5. Transmission and distribution systems operators 13
1.6. Future challenges for the distribution system 17
1.7. The link between investment and quality 32
1.8. Financing mechanisms and investment actors of distribution
systems 36
1.9. Conclusion 38
1.10. Glossary 38
1.11. Bibliography 39
Chapter 2. Characteristics of Distribution Networks
41
Marie-Cecile ALVAREZ-HERAULT, Raphaël CAIRE, Sylvain
MARTINO, Christophe ANDRIEU and Bertrand RAISON
2.1. Part 1: the French network 41
2.2. The North American network 61
2.3. Bibliography 81
Chapter 3. Overview of Decentralized Means of Production
83
Haizea GAZTANAGA, Raphaël CAIRE, Seddik BACHA and Daniel
ROYE
3.1. Introduction 83
3.2. Deregulation 84
3.3. Emergent means of production 85
3.4. Conclusion: a challenge and a development opportunity for
mains power 119
3.5. Bibliography 119
Chapter 4. Connection to the Decentralized Production
Network: Regulatory and Economic Aspects 123
Cedric CLASTRES, Philippe MENANTEAU and Lina-Maria RUIZ
4.1. Introduction 123
4.2. European policies and growth dynamics of REn 124
4.3. Incentive policies for the deployment of renewable energies
129
4.4. Integration and connection of new renewable energy
producers to the network 141
4.5. The insertion of renewable energies into the electrical
market 147
4.6. Bibliography 157
Chapter 5. Impacts of Distributed Generation on the
Electrical Network 161
Raphaël CAIRE and Tuan TRAN-QUOC
5.1. Introduction 161
5.2. Impact of distributed generation on electrical parameters
164
5.3. Impacts on the design, planning and exploitation 191
5.4. Impacts on network equipment 197
5.5. Bibliography 200
Chapter 6. Photovoltaic Systems Connected to the Network
203
Tuan TRAN-QUOC and Seddik BACHA
6.1. Introduction to grid-connected PV production 203
6.2. Structure of photovoltaic inverters 207
6.3. Control/command of the grid side converter 217
6.4. Anti-islanding protection of PV systems 221
6.5. Impact on the voltage and harmonics of grid connected PV
systems 225
6.6. Impact on the voltage 230
6.7. Impact on voltage unbalance 233
6.8. Conclusion 234
6.9. Bibliography 235
Chapter 7. Voltage Control in Distribution Systems with
Dispersed Generation 237
Yvon BESANGER and Tuan TRAN-QUOC
7.1. Introduction: problems of voltage control 237
7.2. Voltage control in today?s distribution systems
241
7.3. Voltage control in distribution systems with DG 242
7.4. Conclusion 270
7.5. Bibliography 271
Chapter 8. Grid Integration of Wind Turbine Systems and their
Ancillary Services Participation 273
Alexandre TENINGE, Daniel ROYE and Seddik BACHA
8.1. Wind energy: context 273
8.2. Integration of wind energy in electrical systems 276
8.3. Grid code requirements and wind farms 282
8.4. Wind turbines: principles and modeling aspect 290
8.5. Study of mixed wind farm integration in an islanded grid
301
8.6. Bibliography 311
8.7. Manufacturers websites 313
8.8. List of symbols 314
Chapter 9. Reliability of Distribution Systems with Dispersed
Generation 315
Yvon BESANGER
9.1. New considerations and challenges for the reliability of
distribution systems 315
9.2. Basic concepts of electrical network reliability 319
9.3. Objectives and use of probabilistic reliability studies
330
9.4. Basic concepts of Monte Carlo simulation 333
9.5. Some results of Monte Carlo method application 343
9.6. Conclusion 348
9.7. Bibliography 349
Chapter 10. Protection, Detection and Isolation of Faults in
MV Networks in the Presence of Decentralized Production
351
Bertrand RAISON, Olivier CHILARD, Delcho PENKOV and Duc CONG
PHAM
10.1. Introduction 351
10.2. Characteristics of faults in HVA distribution systems
353
10.3. Functioning of protection in MV networks in the presence
of decentralized production 361
10.4. Detection of faults 373
10.5. Localization of faults in the presence of decentralized
production 380
10.6. Bibliography 392
Chapter 11. Load Control in the Management of Distribution
Systems 395
Didier BOËDA, Christophe KIENY and Daniel ROYE
11.1. Objectives of load control for the distributor 395
11.2. Controlled loads 397
11.3. Results for real-time control 403
11.4. Real-time load control with knowledge of houses?
characteristics 406
11.5. Optimized load control 407
11.6. Conclusion 413
11.7. Bibliography 414
Chapter 12. Power Electronics in the Future Distribution Grid
415
Seddik BACHA, David FREY, Erwan LEPELLETER and Raphaël
CAIRE
12.1. Introduction 415
12.2. New context of distribution systems 416
12.3. PE systems in the context of existing networks 420
12.4. Current state of development 425
12.5. Conclusion 434
12.6. Bibliography 436
Chapter 13. Virtual Power Systems for Active Networks
439
Guillaume FOGGIA, Christophe KIENY and Joseph MAIRE
13.1. General context: towards an active network 439
13.2. Objectives 440
13.3. Concept of a virtual power plant (project FENIX) 442
13.4. Other developments: the Alp energy project 452
13.5. Prospects for virtual power plants on active network
454
13.6. Bibliography 457
Chapter 14. Towards Smart Grids 459
Nouredine HADJSAÏD and Jean-Claude SABONNADIÈRE
14.1. Introduction 459
14.2. Definitions of the smart grid 471
14.3. Objectives addressed by the smart grid concept 472
14.4. Stakeholders involved in the implementation of the smart
grid concept 474
14.5. Research and scientific aspects of the smart grid 476
14.6. Conclusion 483
14.7. Bibliography 484
List of Authors 487
Index 489
