Preface | p. xi |
Acknowledgments | p. xiii |
About the Author | p. xv |
Introduction to Electrochemistry of Solid Electrolyte Gas Sensors | p. 1 |
Electrochemistry of Zirconia Solid Electrolytes as the Basis for Understanding Electrochemical Gas Sensors | p. 1 |
Solid Oxygen-Ionic Electrolytes | p. 1 |
Transport Properties | p. 4 |
Electrophysical Properties of Solid Electrolytes | p. 6 |
Aging of Solid Electrolytes | p. 11 |
Single-Phase Solid Electrolytes | p. 12 |
Two-Phase Solid Electrolytes | p. 14 |
An Electron Model of Solid Oxygen-Ionic Electrolytes Used in Gas Sensors | p. 15 |
Electrode Processes in Solid Electrolyte Sensors | p. 30 |
Electrode Reaction within the Triple-Phase Boundary | p. 30 |
Diffusion of Oxygen Atoms | p. 33 |
Role of the Electric Double Layer in Electrode Reactions | p. 36 |
Helmholtz Double Layer | p. 36 |
Gouy-Chapman Double Layer | p. 37 |
Stern Modification of the Diffuse Double Layer | p. 38 |
References | p. 39 |
Mathematical Modeling of Zirconia Gas Sensors with Distributed Parameters | p. 43 |
Complete Mathematical Model of Electrochemical Gas Sensors | p. 43 |
Modeling Interactions of Oxygen with the Zirconia Sensor | p. 50 |
Modeling Interactions of Various Gases with Non-Nernstian Zirconia Sensors | p. 60 |
Description of Non-Nernstian Behavior | p. 60 |
Non-Nernstian Zirconia-Based N[subscript x] Sensors | p. 62 |
Mathematical Formulation of Zirconia-Based NO[subscript x] Sensors | p. 64 |
Numerical Mathematical Models of Zirconia Gas Sensors | p. 71 |
Identification Parameters of Mathematical Models | p. 80 |
Verification Adequacy of Mathematical Models to Real Gas Sensors | p. 83 |
Nomenclature | p. 87 |
Subscripts | p. 88 |
References | p. 89 |
Metrological Characteristics of Non-Nernstian Zirconia Gas Sensors | p. 93 |
Non-Nernstian Zirconia Gas Sensors | p. 93 |
Mixed-Potential NO[subscript x] Sensors | p. 93 |
Description of Nernstian Behavior | p. 97 |
Mixed-Potential Gas Sensors | p. 98 |
Concepts of the Total-NO[subscript x] Sensor Based on Mixed Potential | p. 101 |
Development of the NO[subscript x] Sensor's Design | p. 104 |
Mixed-Potential Hydrocarbon Sensors | p. 115 |
Impedance-Based Zirconia Gas Sensors | p. 119 |
Future Trends | p. 125 |
References | p. 128 |
Zirconia Sensors for Measurement of Gas Concentration in Molten Metals | p. 135 |
Zirconia Sensors for the Measurement of Oxygen Activity in Melts | p. 135 |
Polycrystalline Zirconia Sensors | p. 135 |
Pe' Parameter Measurements and Sensing Properties | p. 138 |
Single-Crystal Zirconia Sensors | p. 143 |
Zirconia Sensors Based on Shaped Eutectic Composites | p. 154 |
Impedance Method for the Analysis of In-Situ Diagnostics and the Control of an Electrolyte/Liquid-Metal Electrode Interface | p. 161 |
Galvano-Harmonic Method | p. 163 |
Impulse Galvanic-Static Method | p. 170 |
Measuring Oxygen Concentration in Lead-Bismuth Heat Carriers | p. 175 |
Regulation of Oxygen Partial Pressure in Melts by Zirconia Pumps | p. 176 |
Characteristics of Lamellar Oxygen Pumps | p. 176 |
Potentiometric Mode of the Oxygen Pump | p. 177 |
Galvano-Static Mode of the Oxygen Pump | p. 186 |
Characteristics of Cylindrical Oxygen Pumps | p. 188 |
Potentiometric Mode | p. 188 |
Galvano-Static Mode | p. 191 |
References | p. 192 |
Manufacturing Technologies of Zirconia Gas Sensors | p. 197 |
Vacuum-Tight Technologies of Joining Zirconia to Ceramic Insulators | p. 197 |
Vacuum-Tight Technologies of Joining Zirconia to Sensor Construction Materials | p. 207 |
Nanotechnologies for Zirconia Gas Sensors | p. 213 |
Limitations of Existing Technologies and Future Trends | p. 218 |
References | p. 222 |
Errors of Measurement of Zirconia Gas Sensors | p. 227 |
Bases of Errors Theory in Relation to Electrochemical Gas Sensors | p. 227 |
Analysis of Systematic Errors of Zirconia Gas Sensors | p. 232 |
Analysis of the Main Components of Errors of Zirconia Gas Sensors | p. 234 |
Error Stipulated by the Reference Pressure Instability | p. 239 |
Error Stipulated by the Variations of Emf | p. 240 |
Error Stipulated by Inaccuracy of Setting and Measurement of the SEC Temperature | p. 241 |
Calculation of Errors on the Basis of Experimental Data | p. 243 |
References | p. 251 |
Organization and Planning of Testing Zirconia Sensors | p. 253 |
Main Principles of Testing Zirconia Sensors | p. 253 |
Sensing Mechanisms of Zirconia Gas Sensors | p. 253 |
Sensor Structures and Devices | p. 254 |
Zirconia Sensor Systems | p. 254 |
Measurement and Control Systems | p. 254 |
Selecting the Number of Independent Variables (Factors) | p. 256 |
Determination of Experimental Data Volume | p. 258 |
Sequence of Experiment | p. 260 |
Data Processing | p. 260 |
Planning of Experiments | p. 265 |
Development of the Industrial Prototype of the Sensor | p. 266 |
Product Verification | p. 266 |
Training | p. 267 |
Reliability Testing of Zirconia Gas Sensors | p. 267 |
References | p. 271 |
Index | p. 273 |
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