Elements of Gasdynamics

By: H. W. LIEPMANN

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Paperback | 11 January 2002

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464 Pages

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The increasing importance of concepts from compressible fluid flow theory for aeronautical applications makes the republication of this first-rate text particularly timely. Intended mainly for aeronautics students, the text will also be helpful to practicing engineers and scientists who work on problems involving the aerodynamics of compressible fluids.
Covering the general principles of gas dynamics to provide a working understanding of the essentials of gas flow, the contents of this book form the foundation for a study of the specialized literature and should give the necessary background for reading original papers on the subject. Topics include introductory concepts from thermodynamics, including entropy, reciprocity relations, equilibrium conditions, the law of mass action and condensation; one-dimensional gasdynamics, one-dimensional wave motion, waves in supersonic flow, flow in ducts and wind tunnels, methods of measurement, the equations of frictionless flow, small-perturbation theory, transonic flow, effects of viscosity and conductivity, and much more. The text includes numerous detailed figures and several useful tables, while concluding exercises demonstrate the application of the material in the text and outline additional subjects.
Advanced undergraduate or graduate physics and engineering students with at least a working knowledge of calculus and basic physics will profit immensely from studying this outstanding volume.

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Non-Fiction Engineering & Technology Mechanical Engineering & Materials Materials Science Mechanics of Fluids Aerodynamics Science Physics Classical Mathematics Fluid Mechanics Materials & States of Matter Physics of Gases

Technology in General Engineering in General Transport Technology & Trades Aerospace & Aviation Technology

Concepts from Thermodynamics
Introduction	p. 1
Thermodynamic Systems	p. 2
Variables of State	p. 3
The First Principal Law	p. 4
Irreversible and Reversible Processes	p. 6
Perfect Gases	p. 7
The First Law Applied to Reversible Processes. Specific Heats	p. 10
The First Law Applied to Irreversible Processes	p. 14
The Concept of Entropy. The Second Law	p. 17
The Canonical Equation of State. Free Energy and Free Enthalpy	p. 20
Reciprocity Relations	p. 22
Entropy and Transport Processes	p. 23
Equilibrium Conditions	p. 24
Mixtures of Perfect Gases	p. 25
The Law of Mass Action	p. 27
Dissociation	p. 29
Condensation	p. 33
Real Gases in Gasdynamics	p. 34
One-Dimensional Gasdynamics
Introduction	p. 39
The Continuity Equation	p. 40
The Energy Equation	p. 41
Reservoir Conditions	p. 43
Euler's Equation	p. 45
The Momentum Equation	p. 47
Isentropic Conditions	p. 49
Speed of Sound; Mach Number	p. 50
The Area-Velocity Relation	p. 51
Results from the Energy Equation	p. 53
Bernoulli Equation; Dynamic Pressure	p. 55
Flow at Constant Area	p. 56
The Normal Shock Relations for a Perfect Gas	p. 57
One-Dimensional Wave Motion
Introduction	p. 62
The Propagating Shock Wave	p. 62
One-Dimensional Isentropic Equations	p. 65
The Acoustic Equations	p. 67
Propagation of Acoustic Waves	p. 68
The Speed of Sound	p. 69
Pressure and Particle Velocity in a Sound Wave	p. 71
"Linearized" Shock Tube	p. 72
Isentropic Waves of Finite Amplitude	p. 74
Propagation of Finite Waves	p. 76
Centered Expansion Wave	p. 78
The Shock Tube	p. 79
Waves in Supersonic Flow
Introduction	p. 84
Oblique Shock Waves	p. 85
Relation Between [beta] and [theta]	p. 86
Supersonic Flow over a Wedge	p. 88
Mach Lines	p. 89
Piston Analogy	p. 91
Weak Oblique Shocks	p. 92
Supersonic Compression by Turning	p. 93
Supersonic Expansion by Turning	p. 97
The Prandtl-Meyer Function	p. 98
Simple and Nonsimple Regions	p. 100
Reflection and Intersection of Oblique Shocks	p. 101
Intersection of Shocks of the Same Family	p. 102
Detached Shocks	p. 103
Mach Reflection	p. 106
Shock-Expansion Theory	p. 107
Thin Airfoil Theory	p. 109
Flat Lifting Wings	p. 113
Drag Reduction	p. 115
The Hodograph Plane	p. 118
Cone in Supersonic Flow	p. 120
Flow in Ducts and Wind Tunnels
Introduction	p. 124
Flow in Channel of Varying Area	p. 124
Area Relations	p. 125
Nozzle Flow	p. 127
Normal Shock Recovery	p. 130
Effects of Second Throat	p. 131
Actual Performance of Wind Tunnel Diffusers	p. 133
Wind Tunnel Pressure Ratio	p. 133
Supersonic Wind Tunnels	p. 136
Wind Tunnel Characteristics	p. 137
Compressor Matching	p. 139
Other Wind Tunnels and Testing Methods	p. 142
Methods of Measurement
Introduction	p. 144
Static Pressure	p. 144
Total Pressure	p. 147
Mach Number from Pressure Measurements	p. 148
Wedge and Cone Measurements	p. 149
Velocity	p. 150
Temperature and Heat Transfer Measurements	p. 151
Density Measurements	p. 153
Index of Refraction	p. 153
Schlieren System	p. 157
The Knife Edge	p. 159
Some Practical Considerations	p. 161
The Shadow Method	p. 162
Interference Method	p. 164
Mach-Zehnder Interferometer	p. 165
Interferometer Techniques	p. 168
X-Ray Absorption and Other Methods	p. 170
Direct Measurement of Skin Friction	p. 171
Hot-Wire Probe	p. 172
Shock Tube Instrumentation	p. 177
The Equations of Frictionless Flow
Introduction	p. 178
Notation	p. 178
The Equation of Continuity	p. 180
The Momentum Equation	p. 182
The Energy Equation	p. 185
The Eulerian Derivative	p. 186
Splitting the Energy Equation	p. 188
The Total Enthalpy	p. 190
Natural Coordinates. Crocco's Theorem	p. 191
Relation of Vorticity to Circulation and Rotation	p. 194
The Velocity Potential	p. 196
Irrotational Flow	p. 197
Remarks on the Equations of Motion	p. 200
Small-Perturbation Theory
Introduction	p. 202
Derivation of the Pertubation Equations	p. 203
Pressure Coefficient	p. 206
Boundary Conditions	p. 206
Two-Dimensional Flow Past a Wave-Shaped Wall	p. 208
Wavy Wall in Supersonic Flow	p. 212
Supersonic Thin Airfoil Theory	p. 215
Planar Flows	p. 216
Bodies of Revolution. Slender Body Theory
Introduction	p. 218
Cylindrical Coordinates	p. 219
Boundary Conditions	p. 221
Pressure Coefficient	p. 224
Axially Symmetric Flow	p. 224
Subsonic Flow	p. 226
Supersonic Flow	p. 226
Velocities in the Supersonic Field	p. 229
Solution for A Cone	p. 230
Other Meridian Shapes	p. 232
Solution for Slender Cone	p. 233
Slender Body Drag	p. 235
Yawed Body of Revolution in Supersonic Flow	p. 239
Cross-Flow Boundary Conditions	p. 241
Cross-Flow Solutions	p. 242
Cross Flow for Slender Bodies of Revolution	p. 242
Lift of Slender Bodies of Revolution	p. 243
Slender Body Theory	p. 246
Rayleigh's Formula	p. 247
The Similarity Rules of High-Speed Flow
Introduction	p. 252
Two-Dimensional Linearized Flow. Prandtl-Glauert and Gothert Rules	p. 253
Two-Dimensional Transonic Flow. von Karman's Rules	p. 256
Linearized Axially Symmetric Flow	p. 258
Planar Flow	p. 260
Summary and Application of the Similarity Laws	p. 262
High Mach Numbers. Hypersonic Similarity	p. 263
Transonic Flow
Introduction	p. 270
Definition of the Transonic Range	p. 270
Transonic Flow Past Wedge Sections	p. 271
Transonic Flow Past A Cone	p. 276
Transonic Flow Past Smooth Two-Dimensional Shapes. The Question of Shock-Free Flow	p. 278
The Hodograph Transformation of the Equations	p. 280
The Method of Characteristics
Introduction	p. 284
Hyperbolic Equations	p. 285
The Compatibility Relation	p. 285
The Computation Method	p. 288
Interior and Boundary Points	p. 291
Axially Symmetric Flow	p. 292
Nonisentropic Flow	p. 295
Theorems about Plane Flow	p. 296
Computation with Weak, Finite Waves	p. 298
Interaction of Waves	p. 299
Design of Supersonic Nozzles	p. 301
Comparison of Characteristics and Waves	p. 304
Effects of Viscosity and Conductivity
Introduction	p. 305
Couette Flow	p. 306
Recovery Temperature	p. 310
Velocity Distribution in Couette Flow	p. 311
Rayleigh's Problem. The Diffusion of Vorticity	p. 313
The Boundary-Layer Concept	p. 316
Prandtl's Equations for a Flat Plate	p. 319
Characteristic Results from the Boundary-Layer Equation	p. 320
The Displacement Effect of the Boundary Layer. Momentum and Energy Integrals	p. 323
Change of Variables	p. 325
Boundary Layers on Profiles Other than a Flat Plate	p. 326
Flow through a Shock Wave	p. 329
The Navier-Stokes Equations	p. 332
The Turbulent Boundary Layer	p. 338
Boundary-Layer Effects on the External Flow Field	p. 340
Shock-Wave Boundary-Layer Interaction	p. 342
Turbulence	p. 346
Couette Flow of a Dissociating Gas	p. 348
Concepts from Gaskinetics
Introduction	p. 353
Probability Concepts	p. 355
Distribution Functions	p. 359
The Virial Theorem of Clausius	p. 361
The Equation of State of a Perfect Gas	p. 362
The Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution	p. 363
The Specific Heats of Gases	p. 366
Molecular Collisions. Mean Free Path and Relaxation Times	p. 369
Shear Viscosity and Heat Conduction	p. 372
Couette Flow of a Highly Rarefied Gas	p. 373
The Concepts of Slip and Accommodation	p. 376
Relaxation Effects of the Internal Degrees of Freedom	p. 378
The Limit of Continuum Theory	p. 380
Exercises	p. 383
Selected References	p. 403
Tables
Critical Data and Characteristic Temperatures for Several Gases	p. 405
Flow Parameters versus M for Subsonic Flow	p. 406
Flow Parameters versus M for Supersonic Flow	p. 409
Parameters for Shock Flow	p. 418
Mach Number and Mach Angle versus Prandtl-Meyer Function	p. 425
Charts
Oblique Shock Chart	p. 428
Oblique Shock Chart	p. 430
Appendix	p. 433
Index	p. 437
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Elements of Gasdynamics

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