Elements of the p-Block

By: C.J. Harding (Editor), D. A. Johnson (Editor), Rob Janes (Editor), Lesley E. Smart (Editor), Giles Clark (Produced by)

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Book with Other Items | 25 September 1998

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312 Pages

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Presenting a systematic approach to the chemistry of the p Block elements and hydrogen, this book also introduces some basic topics concerning chemical bonding, such as oxidation numbers, bond strengths, dipole moments and intermolecular forces. The chemistry is illustrated by coverage of the biological role of nitric oxide and of hydrogen bonding, and the new chemistry of carbon nanotubes. Applied aspects of the topic are developed in the two Case Studies, which examine the causes and prevention of acid rain and the inorganic chemical industry. The accompanying CD-ROMs cover silicate mineral structures, the inert pair effect and a database of chemical reactions of the p Block elements. The Molecular World series provides an integrated introduction to all branches of chemistry for both students wishing to specialise and those wishing to gain a broad understanding of chemistry and its relevance to the everyday world and to other areas of science. The books, with their Case Studies and accompanying multi-media interactive CD-ROMs, will also provide valuable resource material for teachers and lecturers. (The CD-ROMs are designed for use on a PC running Windows 95, 98, ME or 2000.)

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"... much to commend ... to the inquisitive sixth-former and also to the teacher ... cannot be more highly recommended." * School Science Review, Issue No 308, 2003 * "... well-produced undergraduate textbook on the chemistry of the p-block elements ... The text is brought to life by clear figures and photographs, ranging from beautifully coloured crystals of silicate minerals to carbon nanotubes under an electron microscope ... the CD-ROMs could also be useful to the lecturer given safety constraints in lecture theatres ..." * Education in Chemistry, November 2003 *

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Elements of the p Block
Introduction	p. 15
Group numbers and the Periodic Table	p. 15
Oxidation and Reduction	p. 17
Oxidation numbers or oxidation states	p. 17
Balancing redox equations	p. 19
Summary of Section 2	p. 21
Defining Acids and Bases	p. 22
Strengths of acid and bases	p. 22
The Bronsted-Lowry theory	p. 22
The pH scale and acid strength	p. 25
Summary of Section 3	p. 27
Some Aspects of Chemical Bonding	p. 29
Lewis acids and bases	p. 29
The strengths of chemical bonds	p. 30
Bond enthalpy terms and electronegativities	p. 32
Dipole moments	p. 33
Intermolecular forces	p. 36
Summary of Section 4	p. 39
The Chemistry of Hydrogen	p. 42
Preparation and properties of hydrogen	p. 42
Industrial uses of hydrogen	p. 43
Hydrogen as a fuel	p. 44
Atomic and ionic properties of hydrogen	p. 46
The aqueous hydrogen ion	p. 49
Summary of Sections 5.1-5.5	p. 50
The hydrides of the typical elements	p. 50
Salt-like hydrides	p. 51
Macromolecular hydrides	p. 51
Molecular hydrides	p. 52
Trends in structure	p. 52
Hydrogen-bonding	p. 52
Summary of Section 5.7 and 5.8	p. 59
Group VII/17: Halogens and Halides	p. 61
Industrial uses of the halogens	p. 63
Properties of halogen atoms	p. 64
Oxidation number-1: halides	p. 65
The hydrogen halides	p. 66
Thermodynamics of the halogen-halide relationship	p. 68
Halides and oxidation numbers	p. 70
Oxidizing strength of the halogens in aqueous solution	p. 71
Summary of Sections 6.1-6.4	p. 72
Higher oxidation states of the halogens	p. 74
Halogen oxides and oxoacids	p. 77
Interhalogen compounds	p. 80
Polyhalogen ions	p. 81
Summary of Section 6.6	p. 83
Group VIII/18: the Noble Gases	p. 85
The discovery of the noble gases	p. 85
The manufacture and properties of the noble gases	p. 87
Uses of the noble gases	p. 89
Summary of Sections 7.1-7.3	p. 90
Noble gas compounds	p. 91
The fluorides and oxides of xenon and krypton	p. 91
Other xenon compounds	p. 94
Helium, neon and argon chemistry	p. 94
The structure of noble gas compounds	p. 95
The bonding in noble gas compounds	p. 96
Summary of Section 7.5	p. 98
General Observations on Second- and Third-Row Elements and Periodic Trends	p. 100
Single and multiple bonds	p. 101
Third-row elements: a case for expansion of the octet?	p. 102
Trends in the Periodic Table	p. 104
Trends across the Periods	p. 104
Trends down the Groups	p. 105
Summary of Section 8	p. 107
The Group III/13 Elements	p. 108
Boron: occurrence and extraction	p. 109
The boron atom	p. 109
Lewis acidity in the boron halides	p. 109
Boron and the borides	p. 111
The boron hydrides	p. 113
Boron-oxygen compounds	p. 114
Summary of Section 9.1	p. 116
Aluminium	p. 117
Aqueous chemistry	p. 118
Aluminium sulfate and water treatment	p. 118
Aluminium toxicity	p. 120
Aluminium halides	p. 122
Two observations about aluminium chemistry	p. 123
Gallium, indium and thallium	p. 123
The inert pair effect	p. 126
Summary of Sections 9.2 and 9.3	p. 127
The Group IV/14 Elements	p. 129
Structures and properties of the elements	p. 129
Carbon	p. 132
Carbides--molecular, salt-like and interstitial	p. 137
Oxides of carbon	p. 138
Summary of Section 10.2	p. 141
Silicon	p. 142
Bonding in silicon compounds	p. 143
Silicon-oxygen compounds	p. 145
Halosilanes	p. 149
Compounds of silicon with hydrogen and alkyl groups	p. 150
Germanium, tin and lead	p. 153
Summary of Sections 10.3 and 10.4	p. 154
The Group V/15 Elements	p. 156
Structures and properties of the elements	p. 156
Nitrogen	p. 158
Nitrogen hydrides	p. 161
Nitrogen halides	p. 162
Azides	p. 163
Nitrogen-oxygen compounds	p. 163
Summary of Sections 11.1 and 11.2	p. 169
Phosphorus	p. 170
The chemistry of phosphorus	p. 171
Phosphorus halides	p. 172
Phosphorus hydrides	p. 172
The oxides and sulfides of phosphorus	p. 173
Phosphoric acid	p. 174
Compounds with multiple bonds between phosphorus atoms and from phosphorus to carbon	p. 174
Phosphorus-nitrogen compounds: the polyphosphazenes	p. 175
Summary of Section 11.3	p. 176
Oxoacids	p. 177
Oxoacid formulae	p. 179
Nomenclature of oxoacids	p. 180
Prediction of formulae	p. 180
Strengths of oxoacids	p. 181
Condensation of oxoacids	p. 183
Arsenic, antimony and bismuth	p. 188
Summary of Sections 11.4 and 11.5	p. 189
The Group VI/16 Elements	p. 190
Structures and properties of the elements	p. 190
Oxygen	p. 195
Peroxides	p. 196
Oxides and the Periodic Table	p. 197
Summary of Section 12.2	p. 197
Sulfur	p. 198
Sulfur hydrides (sulfanes)	p. 198
Sulfides	p. 199
Sulfur halides	p. 199
Oxides of sulfur	p. 201
Oxoacids of sulfur	p. 202
Sulfur-carbon and sulfur-nitrogen compounds	p. 204
Selenium, tellurium and polonium	p. 206
Summary of Sections 12.3 and 12.4	p. 209
The Typical Elements: A Summary of Trends in the Periodic Table	p. 210
Trends across the Periods	p. 210
Metals, semi-metals and non-metals	p. 210
The structures of halides, hydrides and oxides	p. 211
Trends in the formulae of oxides and hydrides	p. 212
Acid-base properties of oxides and hydrides	p. 213
Trends down the Groups	p. 213
Metals, semi-metals and non-metals	p. 213
Structure and bonding in halides and oxides	p. 214
Acid-base properties of oxides	p. 216
Special differences between the second and subsequent Periods	p. 216
The inert pair effect	p. 217
Learning Outcomes	p. 219
Questions: Answers and Comments	p. 222
Further Reading	p. 241
Acknowledgements	p. 242
Case Study: Acid Rain: Sulfur and Power Generation
Pollution and the Environment	p. 245
Acid Rain and Sulfur Release Into the Atmosphere	p. 246
Coal: the most abundant fossil fuel	p. 248
Sulfur in oil can be extracted before use	p. 248
Other energy sources	p. 249
Acid rain	p. 250
Chemical Characteristics of Coal	p. 251
Sulfur in Coal	p. 253
Sulfur content of coals	p. 253
Sulfur removal before combustion	p. 253
Sulfur removal after combustion	p. 254
Reactions of Sulfur Dioxide in the Atmosphere	p. 255
Homogeneous oxidation in the gas phase	p. 255
Homogeneous oxidation in liquid water	p. 256
Heterogeneous oxidation catalysed by dust particles	p. 256
Sulfate present in the atmosphere	p. 256
Effects of Acid Rain in Soils and Groundwater	p. 257
Soils: structure and composition	p. 258
Groundwater	p. 259
Effects of Acid Rain on Natural Environmental Systems	p. 261
History of pH changes in lakes in Scotland	p. 261
Acid rain and forest damage	p. 263
Lake acidification and freshwater fish	p. 264
Acid rain in the human environment	p. 265
Cleaning Processes in Power Stations	p. 266
Electrostatic precipitation (ESP)	p. 267
Flue gas desulfurization (FGD)	p. 268
Other methods of sulfur removal	p. 268
Acid Rain in Context	p. 270
Acknowledgements	p. 272
Case Study: Industrial Inorganic Chemistry
Introduction	p. 275
Heavy Inorganic Chemicals	p. 276
Sources of industrial inorganic chemicals	p. 276
Ores	p. 276
Air	p. 276
Water	p. 277
Elements	p. 278
The production of selected heavy inorganic chemicals	p. 279
Sulfuric acid	p. 282
Phosphoric acid	p. 282
Ammonia, nitric acid and nitrates	p. 283
The chlor-alkali industry	p. 285
The inorganic fluorine industry	p. 287
Speciality Inorganic Chemicals	p. 290
Inorganic chemicals in electronics	p. 290
Inorganic chemicals in medicine	p. 291
Inorganic chemicals as colours	p. 292
Summary	p. 293
Further Reading	p. 293
Acknowledgements	p. 294
Index	p. 295
CD-ROM Information	p. 306
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Elements of the p-Block

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