Dedication | p. v |
Preface | p. xi |
Acknowledgments | p. xvii |
Thermodynamic Considerations | p. 1 |
The Ideal Otto Cycle | p. 1 |
Efficiencies | p. 5 |
Air Cycle Efficiency | p. 5 |
Real Gas Efficiency | p. 6 |
Indicated Efficiency | p. 6 |
A More Realistic Cycle | p. 7 |
Time Loss | p. 8 |
Heat Loss | p. 9 |
Exhaust Blowdown Loss | p. 9 |
Other Losses | p. 9 |
Knocking | p. 12 |
Mean Effective Pressures | p. 15 |
A Word on Units | p. 15 |
Brake Mean Effective Pressure | p. 16 |
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure | p. 17 |
Piston Speed | p. 17 |
Specific Power | p. 18 |
Stroke/Bore Ratio | p. 19 |
Power Equation | p. 24 |
Influence on Design | p. 26 |
Bmep Again | p. 27 |
Some More Thermodynamics | p. 29 |
Turbulence and Flow in the Cylinder | p. 29 |
Heat Transfer | p. 30 |
Chemical Reaction | p. 30 |
STANJAN, ESPJAN and ESP | p. 31 |
Heating Values and Enthalpy | p. 31 |
Problems | p. 31 |
Breathing Exercises | p. 33 |
Introduction | p. 33 |
Flow Through the Inlet Valve | p. 33 |
The Discharge Coefficient | p. 35 |
The Flow Coefficient | p. 37 |
The Mach Index and Volumetric Efficiency | p. 38 |
Partial Throttle | p. 41 |
The XK Engine | p. 42 |
Combustion Chamber Shape | p. 44 |
Valve Actuation | p. 48 |
Valve Timing | p. 54 |
Variable Valve Timing | p. 59 |
Manifold Tuning | p. 66 |
Introduction | p. 66 |
Helmholtz Resonators | p. 66 |
Organ Pipes | p. 70 |
What Does ESP Do? | p. 76 |
The Exhaust System | p. 77 |
Folding the Manifold | p. 78 |
Supercharging/Turbocharging | p. 80 |
Introduction | p. 80 |
Characteristics of Super/Turbochargers | p. 82 |
Thermodynamic Considerations | p. 85 |
Turbines | p. 87 |
Knock | p. 87 |
Intercoolers | p. 89 |
Problems | p. 92 |
Engine Cooling | p. 95 |
Introduction | p. 95 |
Valve Seat Recession | p. 97 |
Heat Transfer in the Cylinder | p. 100 |
Conduction in the Solid | p. 100 |
Heat Transfer in the Gas | p. 101 |
Variation of Part Temperature | p. 103 |
Turbulent Velocities | p. 104 |
Conclusions Regarding Temperatures | p. 106 |
Overall Heat Transfer | p. 106 |
The Exhaust Valve | p. 111 |
Ceramic Coatings | p. 114 |
Problems | p. 116 |
Engine Friction Losses | p. 118 |
Lubrication | p. 118 |
Total Engine Friction | p. 119 |
Attribution of Friction Losses | p. 122 |
Hydrodynamic Lubrication | p. 125 |
Mechanical Efficiency | p. 127 |
Inertial Loading | p. 129 |
The Piston Ring | p. 130 |
Problems | p. 132 |
Flow in the Cylinder | p. 134 |
Introduction | p. 134 |
Phases of the Flow | p. 136 |
Averaging | p. 137 |
A Word About Turbulence | p. 142 |
Turbulence Induced by the Inlet Jet | p. 145 |
Inducing Swirl and Tumble | p. 148 |
Lift Strategies | p. 153 |
Port and Valve Configurations | p. 153 |
Effect of Compression | p. 155 |
Effect on Swirl and Tumble | p. 155 |
Effect on Turbulence | p. 158 |
Charge Stratification | p. 161 |
Squish | p. 163 |
Pollution | p. 163 |
Atmospheric Chemistry | p. 168 |
Chemistry in the Cylinder | p. 168 |
Lean Burn | p. 170 |
Honda VTEC-E 1.5 L SOHC 16 Valve Four-in-Line | p. 172 |
Toyota Carina 4A-ELU 1.6 L DOHC 16 Valve Four-in-Line | p. 172 |
Mitsubishi Mirage 4G15MPI-MVV 1.5 L SOHC 12 Valve Four-in-Line | p. 172 |
Mazda Surround Combustion 2.0 L DOHC 16 Valve Four-in-Line | p. 173 |
Gasoline Direct-Injection Engines | p. 174 |
Mitsubishi GDI Engine | p. 181 |
Toyota GDI Engine | p. 181 |
Problems | p. 181 |
Overall Engine Performance | p. 185 |
Introduction | p. 185 |
Carburetion vs. Injection | p. 185 |
Fuel Injection | p. 186 |
Mixing and Evaporation | p. 186 |
Droplet Size | p. 187 |
Puddling | p. 188 |
Transient Response | p. 189 |
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption | p. 189 |
Power and Torque Curves | p. 191 |
Problems | p. 193 |
Design Considerations | p. 194 |
Introduction | p. 194 |
Similarity Considerations | p. 194 |
Inertial Stress | p. 196 |
Valve Speed | p. 197 |
The MIT Engines | p. 199 |
Balance and Vibration | p. 201 |
The In-Line Four | p. 203 |
The Forces | p. 203 |
Moments | p. 204 |
Balance Shafts | p. 205 |
The Five Cylinder In-Line | p. 205 |
Problems | p. 208 |
The Stanford Esp | p. 210 |
Introduction | p. 210 |
Outline of the Model | p. 211 |
Model Details | p. 213 |
Gas Properties | p. 213 |
Analysis of the Compression Stages | p. 213 |
Ignition Analysis | p. 214 |
Analysis of the Burn Stage | p. 215 |
Analysis of the Expansion Stage | p. 218 |
Analysis of the Gas Exchange Stage | p. 218 |
Turbulence Model | p. 221 |
ESP Manifold Analysis | p. 222 |
Overview | p. 222 |
Unsteady One-Dimensional Compressible Flow | p. 223 |
The Method of Characteristics | p. 226 |
Inlet Manifold Model | p. 232 |
Exhaust Manifold Model | p. 233 |
ESP Calculations | p. 234 |
Program Status | p. 235 |
Bibliography | p. 237 |
Index | p. 243 |
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