Preface | p. ix |
Contributors | p. xi |
Reviewers | p. xiii |
Monitoring and Characterization of the Environment | |
The Environment | p. 1 |
Environmental Monitoring | p. 2 |
Environmental Remediation and Restoration | p. 3 |
Scales of Observation | p. 3 |
Agencies | p. 5 |
Current and Future Status of Environmental Monitoring | p. 7 |
Purpose of this Textbook | p. 9 |
References and Additional Reading | p. 9 |
Sampling and Data Quality Objectives in Environmental Monitoring | |
Environmental Characteristics | p. 12 |
Representative Units | p. 13 |
Sampling Locations | p. 14 |
Types of Environmental Sampling | p. 16 |
Sampling Plan | p. 17 |
Analytical Data Quality Requirements | p. 18 |
Quality Control Checks | p. 23 |
Reporting Data | p. 24 |
Units of Measure | p. 24 |
Questions | p. 26 |
References and Additional Readings | p. 27 |
Statistics and Geostatistics in Environmental Monitoring | |
Samples and Population | p. 30 |
Random Variables | p. 31 |
Frequency Distribution and the Probability Density Function | p. 31 |
Sample Size and Confidence Intervals | p. 35 |
Covariance and Correlation | p. 39 |
Linear Regression | p. 39 |
Interpolation and Spatial Distributions | p. 41 |
Questions and Problems | p. 46 |
References and Additional Reading | p. 47 |
Automated Data Acquisition and Processing | |
Measurement Concepts | p. 49 |
Automated Measurement | p. 50 |
Sensors and Transducers | p. 50 |
The Data Acquisition System | p. 55 |
Types of Data Acquisition Systems | p. 57 |
Data Management and Quality Control | p. 59 |
Questions | p. 67 |
References and Additional Reading | p. 67 |
Maps in Environmental Monitoring | |
Principles of Mapping | p. 69 |
Locational and Land-Partitioning Systems | p. 72 |
Topographic Maps | p. 74 |
Soil Survey Maps | p. 81 |
Global Positioning System | p. 83 |
Questions | p. 84 |
References and Additional Reading | p. 84 |
Geographic Information Systems and Their use for Environmental Monitoring | |
Description of Geographic Information Systems | p. 86 |
Geographic Information Systems Data | p. 88 |
Thematic Data | p. 91 |
Models of Real-World Problems with Geographic Information Systems | p. 93 |
Geographic Information System Online Tools and Visualization | p. 96 |
The Future: Geographic Information Systems as a Community Resource | p. 99 |
Questions | p. 99 |
References and Additional Reading | p. 100 |
Soil and Vadose Zone Sampling | |
Soil Sampling Strategies | p. 103 |
Classic Soil Sampling | p. 103 |
Soil Sampling in Agriculture | p. 104 |
Vadose Zone Sampling for Pollution Characterization | p. 105 |
Soil Samplers | p. 105 |
Soil-Pore Water Sampling | p. 113 |
Quality Control | p. 118 |
Questions | p. 118 |
References and Additional Reading | p. 119 |
Groundwater Sampling | |
Groundwater Sampling Objectives | p. 121 |
Location of Monitor Wells | p. 122 |
Well Construction | p. 124 |
Design and Execution of Groundwater Sampling Programs | p. 132 |
Questions | p. 138 |
References and Additional Reading | p. 139 |
Monitoring Surface Waters | |
The Changing States of Water | p. 142 |
Water Quality Parameters | p. 143 |
Sampling the Water Environment | p. 148 |
Sampling Techniques for Surface Waters | p. 151 |
Water Sampling Equipment | p. 155 |
Miscellaneous Field Methods | p. 156 |
Quality Control in Field Measurements and Sampling | p. 157 |
Questions | p. 160 |
References and Additional Reading | p. 161 |
Monitoring Near-Surface Air Quality | |
Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere | p. 164 |
Sources and Impacts of Air Pollution | p. 165 |
History of Air Pollution Control | p. 171 |
Air Quality and Emissions Standards | p. 171 |
Sampling and Monitoring Considerations | p. 173 |
Air Sampling | p. 175 |
Direct Air Measurements | p. 179 |
Questions | p. 180 |
References and Additional Reading | p. 181 |
Remote Sensing for Environmental Monitoring | |
Physical Principles of Remote Sensing | p. 184 |
Optical Properties of Earth Surface Materials | p. 185 |
Remote Sensing at the Landscape Scale | p. 188 |
Applications of Remote Sensing in Environmental Health and Toxicology | p. 202 |
Questions | p. 205 |
References and Additional Reading | p. 206 |
Environmental Physical Properties and Processes | |
Measuring Basic Soil Properties | p. 207 |
Soil-Water Content | p. 211 |
Measuring Hydraulic Conductivity | p. 219 |
Measuring Hydraulic Heads | p. 226 |
Measuring Flow Directions, Gradients, and Velocities | p. 230 |
Questions | p. 237 |
References and Additional Reading | p. 238 |
Chemical Properties and Processes | |
Soil Chemical Constituents | p. 242 |
Soil Chemical Processes | p. 248 |
Factors Controlling Soil Chemical Processes | p. 250 |
Rates of Chemical Processes in the Soil Environment | p. 254 |
Soil-Water Redox Potential and pH | p. 254 |
Questions | p. 260 |
References and Additional Reading | p. 260 |
Environmental Microbial Properties and Processes | |
Benefit of Environmental Microbes | p. 263 |
What Are Microorganisms? | p. 264 |
Microorganisms in Soil | p. 267 |
Aquatic Environments | p. 269 |
Sampling Procedures for Microbial Characterization | p. 269 |
Sampling Methods for Surface Soils | p. 269 |
Strategies and Methods for Water Sampling | p. 270 |
Strategies and Methods for Air Sampling | p. 271 |
Methods for Characterizing Microorganisms and Microbial Properties in Water and Soil | p. 273 |
Application of Microorganisms for Toxicity Testing | p. 276 |
Important Microbial Processes | p. 277 |
State-of-the-Art Approaches for Monitoring Microbial Activities | p. 279 |
Questions | p. 279 |
References and Additional Reading | p. 280 |
Physical Contaminants | |
Naturally Occurring Particulates | p. 281 |
Human-Made Particulates | p. 288 |
Mechanisms and Control of Particulate Pollution | p. 289 |
Questions | p. 296 |
References and Additional Reading | p. 296 |
Chemical Contaminants | |
Types of Contaminants | p. 299 |
Sources of Contaminants | p. 300 |
Contaminant Transport and Fate | p. 308 |
Questions | p. 312 |
References and Additional Reading | p. 312 |
Microbial Contaminants | |
Environmentally Transmitted Pathogens | p. 313 |
Concept of Indicator Organisms | p. 314 |
Sample Processing and Storage | p. 323 |
Processing Environmental Samples for Viruses | p. 323 |
Processing Environmental Samples for Protozoan Parasites | p. 329 |
Field Analysis | p. 330 |
Questions | p. 332 |
References and Additional Reading | p. 332 |
Soil and Groundwater Remediation | |
Superfund Process | p. 336 |
Site Characterization | p. 337 |
Remediation Technologies | p. 341 |
Monitored Natural Attenuation | p. 352 |
Questions | p. 356 |
References and Additional Reading | p. 356 |
Ecological Restoration | |
Site Characterization | p. 358 |
Site Restoration | p. 362 |
Site Monitoring | p. 363 |
Approaches to Ecosystem Restoration | p. 365 |
Questions | p. 375 |
References and Additional Reading | p. 375 |
Risk Assessment and Environmental Regulations | |
Risk Assessment | p. 377 |
Process of Risk Assessment | p. 379 |
Microbial Risk Assessment | p. 383 |
Regulatory Overview | p. 386 |
Questions | p. 391 |
References and Additional Reading | p. 392 |
Index | p. 393 |
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