Environmental Sampling and Analysis for Metals

Name: Environmental Sampling and Analysis for Metals
Brand: Taylor & Francis Inc
Price: 260.5 AUD
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By: Maria Csuros, Csaba Csuros

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Paperback | 1 July 2002 | Edition Number 1

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404 Pages

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25.4 x 17.8 x 2.54

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Determination of metals is a major part of the work of environmental testing laboratories. EPA and DEP methodology releases provide information only for selected areas of metals sampling and analysis, and their language makes them unsuitable for teaching and training purposes. Environmental Sampling and Analysis for Metals is a comprehensive and easy-to-read text for laboratory technicians and analytical chemists who need a guide for analyzing metals in environmental samples and a reference for analytical and quality control procedures.

The book provides both theoretical and practical applications in metals analysis of environmental samples and incorporates the latest in analytical techniques, instrumentation, and regulations. Topics include sample collection, preservation, step-by-step analytical procedures, complete QA/QC requirements, data validation, and more. It also provides an overview of the occurrence, source, and fate of metallic substances in the environment, as well as their control by regulations and standards. Furthermore, the authors provide guidelines to help you prepare and understand reports. The analytical methods presented in Environmental Sampling and Analysis for Metals will be useful to anyone who produces, uses, or evaluates analytical data, and will be a valuable tool in environmental education and training programs.

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Introduction to Metals
Introduction to Elements	p. 1
Periodic Table of Elements	p. 4
Properties of Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids	p. 9
Early History of Metal Use	p. 11
Sources of Metals and Their Compounds	p. 11
Sources of Metal Pollution	p. 11
Discussion of Metallic Elements
Representative Elements	p. 13
Transition Metals	p. 20
Metalloids	p. 31
Heavy Metals	p. 31
Metallic Substances Essential to Life	p. 32
Toxicity of Metals
General Discussion of Toxicity	p. 39
Metal Toxicity	p. 44
Toxic Effects of Selected Representative Metals	p. 46
Toxicity of Selected Transition Metals	p. 50
Toxicity of Selected Metalloids	p. 55
Standards Related to Metallic Pollutants
Environmental Law	p. 59
Drinking Water Standards	p. 61
Surfacewater Standards	p. 67
Agriculturally Used Waters	p. 69
Industrial Waters	p. 71
Waste Characterization	p. 72
Hazardous Waste Characterization	p. 73
Air Pollution and Control	p. 74
ISO 14001 and Environmental Law	p. 77
Fundamentals of Spectroscopy
Early History of the Nature of Light	p. 79
Electromagnetic Radiation	p. 80
Continuous and Line Spectra	p. 82
Absorption and Emission	p. 83
Beer's Law	p. 85
Atomic Spectroscopy Techniques	p. 86
Molecular Spectrophotometry
Molecular Absorption and Color	p. 89
Molecular Absorption Spectrophotometry	p. 89
Single-Beam and Double-Beam Spectrophotometers	p. 93
Type of Spectrophotometers	p. 94
Summary of Molecular Spectrophotometry	p. 97
Spectrophotometer Calibration	p. 97
Performance Check of UV/Vis and IR Spectrophotometer	p. 100
Maintenance of the UV/Vis and IR Spectrophotometers	p. 101
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Introduction	p. 103
Steps in the Atomic Absorption Process	p. 104
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Components	p. 105
Single- and Double-Beam Instruments	p. 109
Atomic Absorption Measurement Terms	p. 109
Techniques in AAS Measurement	p. 112
Interference in AAS Techniques	p. 113
Safety in AAS Work	p. 118
Quality Control	p. 118
Maintenance of AA Spectrophotometers	p. 118
AAS Performance Checks	p. 119
Sample Collection and Sample Preparation	p. 119
Direct Aspiration or Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS)
Principle	p. 121
Direct Air-Acetylene Flame Method	p. 121
Direct Nitrous Oxide-Acetylene Flame Method	p. 124
Interferences, Safety, and Quality Control Requirements in FAAS	p. 126
Maintenance of FAA Spectrophotometer	p. 126
Performance Check of FAA Spectrophotometer	p. 126
Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
General Discussion	p. 129
Apparatus	p. 130
Analysis by Graphite Furnace Spectrophotometer	p. 132
Interferences and the Graphite Furnace	p. 135
Stabilized Temperature Platform Furnace (STPF)	p. 139
Quality Control Requirements	p. 140
Maintenance of Graphite Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer	p. 140
Performance Check of Graphite Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer	p. 140
Cold-Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
General Discussion	p. 143
Apparatus	p. 144
Procedure	p. 145
Interference	p. 149
Quality Control Requirements	p. 150
Calculations and Reporting	p. 150
Safety	p. 151
Hydride-Generation Atomic Absorption Technique
Principle	p. 153
Application	p. 153
Apparatuses and Materials	p. 154
Interferences	p. 157
Sample Collection, Preservation, and Handling	p. 158
Preparation of Samples and Standards for Total Arsenic and Selenium	p. 158
Procedure	p. 158
Quality Control Requirements	p. 159
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES)	p. 161
General Characteristics of ICP-AES	p. 162
ICP-AES Instrumentation	p. 166
Interferences in ICP-AES	p. 172
Reagents and Standards	p. 174
Procedure	p. 175
Quality Control	p. 178
Quality Control in Metals Analysis
General Discussion	p. 179
Glassware Used in Metals Analysis	p. 179
Chemicals	p. 180
Laboratory-Pure Water	p. 180
Field Quality Control	p. 181
Instrument Calibration	p. 184
Instrument Performance Check	p. 190
Laboratory QC Checks	p. 192
Detection Limits	p. 194
Accuracy and Precision	p. 196
Sample Collection for Metals Analysis
General Considerations in Sampling	p. 203
Automatic Samplers	p. 205
Sample Containers	p. 206
Sample Preservation	p. 207
Special Sampling Procedures	p. 207
Holding Time	p. 208
Field Records	p. 208
Field Quality Control	p. 214
Sample Collection from Different Matrices	p. 216
Sample Preparation for Metals Analysis
General Discussion	p. 227
Digestion Procedures for Metals	p. 228
Acid Digestion for Total and Dissolved Metals	p. 233
Acid Digestion of Aqueous Samples and Extracts for Total Metals by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Analyzer	p. 234
Acid Digestion of Aqueous Samples and Extracts for Total Metals by Graphite Furnace Spectroscopy (GrAAS)	p. 234
Sample Preparation for Arsenic and Selenium Determination by Graphite Furnace Spectroscopy (GrAAS)	p. 235
Sample Preparation for Silver Determination	p. 236
Sample Preparation for Antimony Determination	p. 236
Sample Preparation for Mercury Determination (Cold-Vapor Technique)	p. 236
Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludges, and Soils for Total Metals Analysis	p. 237
Dissolution Procedure for Oils, Greases, and Waxes	p. 239
Sample Preparation for Hexavalent Chromium (Chelation/Extraction)	p. 239
Extraction Procedure (EP) Toxicity	p. 241
Extraction Procedure for Oily Wastes	p. 244
Documentation during Sample Preparation	p. 246
Disposal of Samples, Digestates, Extracts, and Other Wastes	p. 246
Converting Raw Data Into Reportable Form
Responsibilities of the Analyst	p. 249
Calculations for Final Values	p. 250
Records for Raw and Calculated Data	p. 256
Evaluation and Approval of Analytical Data	p. 260
Reporting Analytical Data
Required Documentation	p. 265
Significant Figures in Analytical Reports	p. 266
Units Used To Express Analytical Results	p. 266
Confidence Interval	p. 267
Report Format	p. 267
Selected Methods for Determination of Metals in Environmental Samples
Methodology	p. 269
Aluminum	p. 271
Antimony	p. 273
Arsenic	p. 274
Barium	p. 276
Beryllium	p. 277
Bismuth	p. 279
Cadmium	p. 279
Calcium	p. 280
Chromium	p. 285
Hexavalent Chromium	p. 286
Cobalt	p. 289
Copper	p. 290
Iron	p. 291
Lead	p. 292
Lithium	p. 293
Magnesium	p. 293
Manganese	p. 293
Mercury	p. 294
Molybdenum	p. 294
Nickel	p. 296
Potassium	p. 296
Selenium	p. 297
Silver	p. 299
Sodium	p. 300
Thallium	p. 300
Tin	p. 301
Vanadium	p. 302
Zinc	p. 303
Laboratory Safety Rules
Laboratory Hazards	p. 305
Safe Handling of Compressed Gases	p. 309
Stockroom Safety Rules	p. 310
Summary of Laboratory Safety Rules	p. 311
Appendices
Operation of Mass Spectrophotometer	p. 313
Silicon Chips	p. 317
Lasers	p. 321
Metals and Plants	p. 323
Toxicity of Cyanide	p. 333
Components of Nucleic Acid	p. 335
Polarized Light	p. 339
Stock Metal Solutions	p. 341
Calculation for Solid Matrices	p. 345
Plasma	p. 347
Soxhlet Extraction	p. 349
SI Units and Conversion Factors	p. 351
References	p. 353
Index	p. 355
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Environmental Sampling and Analysis for Metals

At a Glance

Paperback

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