Essential Oils and Waxes

Olive Oil Analysis.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Quality Tests of Olive Oil-Determination of Acidity and Oxidation.- 2.1 Acidity.- 2.2 Oxidation.- 3 Sensory Evaluation of Olive Oil.- 4 Determination of Certain Constituents of Olive Oil.- 4.1 Chlorophyll Determination.- 4.2 Determination of Phenols.- 5 Moisture Determination.- 5.1 Moisture Determination by Infrared Balance.- 6 Determination of Soap Content.- 7 Olive Oil Adulteration - Adulteration and Genuineness Tests.- 7.1 Methods and Techniques of Detecting Adulteration.- 7.2 Adulteration Tests Based on Color Formation.- 7.3 Adulteration Tests Based on Residue or Clouding Formation.- 7.4 Detection of Oil Adulteration by a UV Lamp.- 7.5 Detection of Olive Oil Purity by Infrared Spectrophotometry.- References.- Analysis of Essential Oils of Tea.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Isolation of Essential Oils.- 2.1 Steam Distillation Under Reduced Pressure (SDR).- 2.2 Simultaneous Distillation and Extraction (SDE).- 2.3 Head Space Gas Analysis.- 3 Separation and Identification of Essential Oil Components from Tea.- 3.1 Gas Chromatography.- 3.2 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS).- 3.3 Gas Chromatography-Infrared Spectrometry-Mass Spectrometry (GC-IR-MS).- 4 Components of the Essential Oil.- 4.1 Comparison of the Main Components in Various Teas.- 4.2 Specific Components of the Essential Oils.- 5 Pattern Analyses of Gas Chromatograms.- References.- Special Methods for the Essential Oils of the Genus Thymus.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Plant Material.- 3 Extraction.- 4 Analytical Methodology.- 4.1 Qualitative Analysis.- 4.2 Quantitative Analysis.- 5 Conclusions.- References.- Chemical Races Within the Genus Mentha. L..- 1 Introduction.- 2 Biosynthesis of Mentha Essential Oils.- 3 Chemical Races.- 3.1 Oils Rich in Acyclic Compounds.- 3.2 Oils Rich in 2-Substituted Compounds.- 3.3 Oils Rich in 3-Substituted Compounds.- 4 Conclusions.- References.- Special Methods for the Essential Oil of Ginger.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 Description and Use.- 1.2 Chemical Composition.- 1.3 Isolation, Separation and Quality Evaluation of Ginger Oil..- 2 Traditional Methods of Extraction, Separation, and Control.- 2.1 Traditional Isolation Methods.- 2.2 Traditional Separation Methods.- 2.3 Traditional Quality Control.- 3 Modern Methods of Extraction, Separation, and Identification.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Modern Methods of Isolation.- 3.3 Modern Methods of Separation.- 3.4 Modern Methods of Identification.- References.- GC-MS (EI, DCI, NCI, SIM) SPECMA Bank Analysis of Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Garlic Essential Oils.- 1 A Short Survey of the Chemistry of Garlic.- 2 Analytical Methods Used for Identification of Sulfur Compounds in Garlic Essential Oil.- 2.1 GC-MS (EI, PCI, NCI) of Garlic Essential Oils.- 2.2 Kovats Indices as Filters and Their Properties.- 2.3 The SPECMA Bank.- 3 GC-MS Analyses of Two Garlic Essential Oils Originating from France (Provence) and Mexico.- 3.1 Analyses and Composition.- 3.2 Mechanisms of Formation of Sulfide Derivatives.- 4 Conclusion.- References.- Analysis of Juniper and Other Forest Tree Oil.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Sample Collection.- 2.1 Sampling.- 2.2 Sample Sizes.- 2.3 Diurnal, Seasonal, and Ontogenetic Variation.- 3 Oil Extraction.- 4 Chemical Analysis.- 4.1 Gas Chromatography.- 5 Component Identification.- 5.1 GC/MC Computer Searches.- 6 Applications of Terpenoid Data.- 6.1 Analyses of Hybridization and Introgression.- 6.2 Studies of Geographic Variation.- 6.3 Taxon Level Differences and Evolutionary Studies.- References.- Cedar Wood Oil - Analyses and Properties.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Sample Collection.- 3 Oil Extraction.- 4 Chemical Analysis.- 4.1 Gas Chromatography.- 5 Identification.- 5.1 GC/MS.- 6 Properties.- 6.1 Antimicrobial Activities.- 6.2 Insecticidal Activities.- 6.3 Termiticidal Activities.- References.- Analysis of Croton Oil by Reversed-Phase Overpressure-Layer Chromatography.- 1 Introduction - Overpressure-Layer Chromatography as a Separatory Technique.- 2 Phorbol Ester Constituents of Croton Oil.- 3 Separation of the Phorbol Esters of Croton Oil.- 3.1 Two-Dimensional Thin Layer Chromatography.- 3.2 Reversed-Phase Overpressure Layer Chromatography.- 4 Summary and Conclusions.- References.- Rotation Locular Countercurrent Chromatography Analysis of Croton Oil.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Croton Oil, the Seed Oil of Croton tiglium.- 3 RLCC Analysis of Croton Oil.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Experimental Details and Discussion.- 4 Summary and Conclusion.- References.- Oils and Waxes of Eucalypts Vacuum Distillation Methodl for Essential Oils.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Chemical Composition of Eucalyptus Oils and Waxes.- 3 Methods of Analyses of Eucalyptus Waxes.- 4 Methods of Analysis of Eucalyptus Oils.- 5 Vacuum Distillation Method for Essential Oils.- 5.1 Preparation of Leaf Powder.- 5.2 Distillation.- 5.3 Notes.- References.- Analysis of Epicuticular Waxes.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Extraction of Epicuticular Wax.- 3 Fractionation of Wax Components.- 3.1 Column Chromatography.- 3.2 Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC).- 4 Analysis of Wax Components.- 4.1 Analysis of Hydrocarbon by Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC).- 4.2 Analysis of Wax Esters.- 4.3 Analysis of Free Alcohols and Fatty Acids.- 4.4 Analysis of Aldehydes.- 4.5 Analysis of ?-Diketones.- 5 Conclusion.- References.- Analysis of Flower and Pollen Volatiles.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Flower Volatile Chemistry.- 3 Overview of Methodology.- 3.1 Volatile Collection.- 3.2 Volatile Analysis.- 3.3 Cautionary Notes.- 4 Details of Collection Methods.- 4.1 Extraction and Distillation.- 4.2 Headspace Cold-Trapping.- 4.3 Direct Headspace Sampling.- 4.4 Headspace Sorption.- 4.5 Passive Sorption.- References.- Bioactivities of Diterpenoids from Marine Algae.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Antimicrobial Activity.- 2.1 Background.- 2.2 Description of the Methods.- 2.3 Antimicrobial Diterpenoids from Seaweeds.- 3 Antialgal Activity.- 3.1 Background.- 3.2 Description of the Method.- 3.3 Antialgal Diterpenoids from Seaweeds.- 4 Cytotoxic Activity and Other Related Activities.- 4.1 Background.- 4.2 Description of the Methods.- 4.3 Cytotoxic and Antimitotic Diterpenoids from Seaweeds.- 5 Ichthyotoxicity and Other Defensive Bioactivities.- 5.1 Background.- 5.2 Description of the Methods.- 5.3 Ichthyotoxic and Other Defensive Diterpenoids from Seaweeds.- 6 Molluscicidal Activity.- 6.1 Background.- 6.2 Description of the Methods.- 6.3 Molluscicidal Diterpenoids from Seaweeds.- 7 Other Bioactivity Data on Diterpenoids from Seaweeds.- 8 Concluding Remarks.- References.- Determination of Waxes Causing Water Repellency in Sandy Soils.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Assessment of Water Repellency of Soils.- 2.1 Molarity of the Ethanol Droplet (MED) Method.- 2.2 Capillary Rise Technique.- 2.3 Other Test Methods.- 3 Extraction of Water-Repellent Waxes.- 4 Significance and Conclusions.- References.- Analysis of Monoterpene Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Sampling and Concentration.- 2.1 Adsorption Method.- 2.2 Grab Sampling.- 3 GC, GC/MS Method.- 3.1 Packed GC/MS (SIM).- 3.2 Capillary GC (FID).- 3.3 Capillary GC/MS.- 4 Calibration.- 5 Features of Atmospheric Monoterpenes.- References.- Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of Essential (Volatile) Oils.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Extraction of Plant Volatile Oil.- 3 Evaluation of Antimicrobial Properties of Volatile Oils.- 3.1 Antibacterial Testing.- 3.2 Antifungal Testing.- 4 Antimicrobial Activity of Volatile Oils.- 5 Future Developments in Volatile Oils.- References.- Organization of Rapid Analysis of Lipids in Many Individual Plants.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Analyses for Total Lipid Content.- 3 Analyses for Fatty Acid Composition.- 4 Analyses for Glyceride Structure.- 5 Analyses for Other Lipid Constituents.- 6 Analyses for Lipoxygenase.- References.