Essentials of Intellectual Disability Assessment and Identification

Series Preface xiii

Acknowledgments xv

One History of Intellectual Disability 1

Early Beginnings 1

The Turn of the Century: 1900 to 1950 4

The Age of Assessment: Late 1950s to 1970 6

1980s to the Present 8

Summary 14

Test Yourself 15

Two Prevalence, Causes, Issues, and Comorbid Disorders 17

Etiology of Intellectual Disabilities: Subtypes 17

Differential Diagnoses 27

Comorbidity 27

Test Yourself 28

Three Current Intellectual Disability Diagnostic and Federal Education Criteria 30

The DSM–5 30

American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 34

Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 37

Differential Diagnoses and Comorbid Conditions 44

Specific Learning Disabilities 46

Test Yourself 46

Four Legal Issues and Concerns 49

Education and the Law: Issues and Concerns 49

Test Yourself 60

Five Theories of Intelligence and the Flynn Effect 63

Spearman's Two-Factor Theory 63

Thurstone's Primary Mental Abilities 64

Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory 64

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence 66

Planning, Attention-Arousal, Simultaneous, and Successive Theory of Intelligence 66

Theory of Multiple Intelligences 67

Flynn Effect 68

Intellectual Disability and Capital Punishment Cases 70

Test Yourself 72

Six Assessment of an Intellectual Disability 74

Designing a Test Battery 76

Areas to Assess 78

Test Yourself 91

Seven Integration of Assessment Results 93

Report Sample #1 93

Report Sample #2 100

Test Yourself 108

Eight Postassessment Planning 110

Common Parent Reactions to Learning a Child has a Disability 111

Guidelines for Parents of Individuals with Developmental Disabilities 112

Transition Planning 113

Self-Determination and Individuals with Developmental Disabilities 115

Application of Self-Determination Practices 117

Results of The Arc Survey: FINDS 2011 120

Test Yourself 122

Appendix A State Departments of Special Education 124

Appendix B AAIDD and The Arc Position Statement on the Criminal Justice System 133

Appendix C American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) 138

Appendix D The Arc Position Statement on Self-Determination 140

Appendix E AAIDD and The Arc Position Statement on Self-Advocacy 142

Appendix F The Arc Position Statement on Education 146

Appendix G The Arc Position Statement on Employment 149

Appendix H Helpful Websites 153

References 157

About the Authors 166

Index 169