List of Sources vii
Introduction 1
Part I the Nature of Morality: What Is Morality? 25
1 Plato, Morality as a Good in Itself 27
2 A. J. Ayer, The Emotive Theory of Morality 35
3 Brand Blanshard, The New Subjectivism in Morality 43
4 John R. Searle, How to Derive “Ought” from “Is” 49
5 Antony Flew, On Not Deriving “Ought” from “Is” 56
6 Philippa Foot, Moral Beliefs 62
7 Alasdair MacIntyre, Moral Disagreement Today and the Claims of Emotivism 73
Part II the Justification of Morality: Why Be Moral? 81
8 David Hume, On Reason and the Emotions 83
9 Alan Gewirth, The Justificatory Argument for Human Rights 88
10 Christine M. Korsgaard, The Sources of Normativity 95
11 James P. Sterba, The Justification of Morality and the Behavior of Women 115
12 Alan Gewirth, The Rational Justification of Morality Revisited 135
13 Philippa Foot, Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives 140
Part III Alternative Moral Perspectives: What Does Morality Require? 149
A Utility 151
14 John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism 151
15 Bernard Williams, Against Utilitarianism 169
16 Kai Nielsen, Traditional Morality and Utilitarianism 181
17 Michael Stocker, The Schizophrenia of Modern Ethical Theories 192
18 Peter Railton, Alienation, Consequentialism, and the Demands of Morality 197
B Duty 217
19 Immanuel Kant, Duty and Categorical Rules 217
20 Fred Feldman, Kantian Ethics 235
21 Christine M. Korsgaard, Kant on Dealing with Evil 253
22 Jan Narveson, Liberty and Equality – A Question of Balance? 271
23 James P. Sterba, Our Basic Human Right is a Right to Liberty and It Leads to Equality 285
24 John Rawls, Welfare Liberalism 296
25 Charles W. Mills, Race and the Social Contract Tradition 315
C Virtue 330
26 Aristotle, The Virtuous Life 330
27 Martha Nussbaum, Non-Relative Virtues: An Aristotelian Approach 349
28 Alasdair MacIntyre, The Nature of Virtues 371
29 Rosalind Hursthouse, Normative Virtue Ethics 389
30 Robert N. Johnson, Virtue and Right 400
31 Sean Drysdale Walsh, Teleology, Aristotelian Virtue, and Right 409
32 Julia Annas, Ancient Ethics and Modern Morality 419
Part IV Challenges for Morality 435
A Feminism: How is Gender Relevant to Morality? 437
33 Musonius Rufus, Equality for Men and Women 437
34 Carol Gilligan, Moral Orientation and Moral Development 442
35 Virginia Held, Caring Relations and Principles of Justice 456
36 Claudia Card, Particular Justice and General Care 470
37 James P. Sterba, The Masculine Bias in Traditional Ethics and How to Correct It 477
B Environmentalism: Who is to Count in Morality? 498
38 Frans De Waal, Chimpanzee Justice 498
39 Peter Singer, All Animals Are Equal 500
40 Paul W. Taylor, The Ethics of Respect for Nature 515
41 James P. Sterba, Kantians and Utilitarians and the Moral Status of Nonhuman Life 531
42 Karen J. Warren, The Power and Promise of Ecological Feminism 552
C Multiculturalism: Morality From Whose cultural Perspective? 563
43 Ayaan Hirsi Ali, A Modern Clash of Cultures 563
44 Madeleine Bunting, Can Islam Liberate Women? 572
45 George W. Bush, Freedom and Democracy 578
46 Noam Chomsky, Understanding the Bush Doctrine 585
Suggested Readings 587
