Introduction | |
Occurrence and Remediation Strategies | p. 1 |
Heavy Metals | p. 2 |
Precious Metals | p. 4 |
Strategies for Obtaining Metal Ion Recognition | p. 5 |
Phase Transfer Extraction and Adsorption Methods | |
Introduction | p. 9 |
Liquid-Liquid Systems | p. 11 |
Equilibria | p. 11 |
Surfactants | p. 12 |
Ion Hydration | p. 12 |
Aqueous Biphasic Systems | p. 15 |
Liquid Membranes | p. 16 |
Picrate Method of Analysis | p. 19 |
Adsorption Methods | p. 20 |
Ion Exchange Methods | p. 20 |
Adsorbent and Membrane Methods | p. 23 |
Polymer Filtration Methods | p. 24 |
Uncharged Solid Phase Adsorbent Materials | p. 25 |
Silicates and Zeolites | p. 28 |
Polymers and Biopolymers | p. 29 |
Soil Washing Methods and In Situ Stabilization Methods | |
Introduction | p. 35 |
Soil Washing and Flooding | p. 36 |
Soil Washing | p. 37 |
In Situ Stabilization | p. 39 |
Analytical Techniques | p. 41 |
Extraction from Soils | p. 43 |
Complexant Design for Soil Extraction | p. 44 |
Electrokinetic Extraction of Metals from Soils | |
Introduction | p. 47 |
Electrokinetic Extraction | p. 47 |
Electrokinetic Transport Model | p. 50 |
Experimental Method | p. 52 |
Electrokinetic Extraction of Copper, Lead, Cadmium, and Mercury | p. 54 |
Electrokinetic Extraction of Uranium and the Other Radionuclides | p. 57 |
Electrokinetic Extraction of Chromium | p. 58 |
Selective Extraction with Chelates, Macrocycles, and Calixarenes | |
Introduction | p. 63 |
Multidentate Ligands | p. 65 |
Dithio- and Diselenocarbamates | p. 66 |
Aminopolycarboxylic Acids, Amides, and Aminimides | p. 68 |
Oximes and Hydroxyaromatic Derivatives | p. 72 |
Others | p. 75 |
Extractants for Supercritical Carbon Dioxide | p. 80 |
Macrocyclic Ligands | p. 81 |
Oxygen Macrocycles | p. 82 |
Azamacrocycles and Thiamacrocycles | p. 84 |
Calixarenes | p. 95 |
Limitations of Chelate, Macrocycle, and Calixarene Extractants | p. 100 |
Phase Transfer Extraction of Mercury | |
Background | p. 105 |
Toxicity and Occurrence | p. 106 |
Complexants | p. 107 |
Oxygen Donors | p. 108 |
Nitrogen Donors | p. 109 |
Sulfur Donors | p. 109 |
Chelates and Multidentates | p. 109 |
Sulfur and Nitrogen Donor Chelates | p. 110 |
Extraction and Detection Techniques | p. 113 |
Column Materials for Mercury Separation | p. 114 |
Organic Adsorbents | p. 115 |
Inorganic Adsorbents | p. 115 |
Macrocycles and Open Chain Analogs | p. 116 |
Open Chain Analogs | p. 116 |
N-Donor Macrocycles | p. 117 |
S-Donor Macrocycles | p. 117 |
O-Donor Macrocycles | p. 118 |
N, O-Donor Macrocycles | p. 119 |
Chromogenic and Fluorogenic Macrocycles | p. 121 |
Porphyrins | p. 121 |
Calixarenes | p. 122 |
P and S-Donor Calixarenes | p. 122 |
N-Donor Calixarenes | p. 124 |
Elemental Mercury | p. 125 |
Phase Transfer Extraction of Lead and Cadmium | |
Lead | p. 129 |
Toxicity and Occurrence | p. 129 |
Complexants | p. 130 |
Chelates and Macrocycles | p. 133 |
Macrocycles | p. 139 |
Calixarenes | p. 145 |
Liquid Carbon Dioxide as the Non-Aqueous Phase | p. 146 |
Biological | p. 148 |
Ingestion from Paper | p. 148 |
Analytical Methods for Lead | p. 148 |
Cadmium | p. 151 |
Toxicity and Occurrence | p. 151 |
Chelates and Macrocycles | p. 152 |
Sulfur Donors | p. 154 |
Cyclodextrins and Carbohydrates | p. 157 |
Cadmium Incorporation into the Food Chain | p. 158 |
Phase Transfer Extraction of Copper, Silver and Gold | |
Copper | p. 164 |
Monodentate Ligands | p. 164 |
Chelate Ligands | p. 166 |
Macrocycles and Calixarenes | p. 175 |
Calixarenes | p. 177 |
Porphyrins | p. 177 |
Carbon Dioxide | p. 177 |
Others | p. 178 |
Silver and Gold | p. 179 |
Monodentates | p. 179 |
Chelates | p. 181 |
Macrocycles | p. 184 |
Calixarenes | p. 187 |
Extraction of Actinides and Lanthanides | |
Actinides | p. 193 |
Introduction | p. 193 |
Monodentates | p. 193 |
Multidentates | p. 197 |
Lanthanides | p. 206 |
Monodentates | p. 207 |
Extraction of Anions and Oxyanions | |
Introduction | p. 231 |
Toxicological Effects | p. 233 |
Analytical Techniques | p. 234 |
Extraction Methods | p. 234 |
Complexant Design | p. 237 |
Acyclic Ligating Sites | p. 237 |
Amines | p. 238 |
Calixarenes | p. 240 |
Poly(ethylene glycol) | p. 243 |
Extraction from Soils | p. 243 |
Extraction of Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals | |
Introduction | p. 247 |
Crown Ethers | p. 248 |
Crown and Bis-Crowns | p. 248 |
Capped Cleft Molecules | p. 253 |
Biphasic Media | p. 254 |
Transport Phenomena | p. 255 |
Carboxylate Crowns | p. 261 |
Phosphonate Crowns | p. 261 |
Lariat Crowns | p. 263 |
Amino Crowns | p. 264 |
Aza Crowns and Photocrowns | p. 266 |
Specialty Crowns | p. 270 |
Cavitands and Cryptands | p. 273 |
Other Oxygen Donors | p. 276 |
Metal Oxides | p. 279 |
Physical Methods | p. 279 |
Cesium | p. 281 |
Phytoremediation and Bioremediation of Soils and Waters | |
Introduction | p. 289 |
Phytoremediation | p. 290 |
Chromium (VI) | p. 292 |
Cadmium, Lead, Copper, and Zinc | p. 293 |
Mercury | p. 296 |
Radionuclides | p. 296 |
Bioremediation | p. 297 |
Mercury | p. 298 |
Cadmium, Copper, and Lead | p. 299 |
Actinides | p. 300 |
Chromium | p. 301 |
Optical and Redox Sensors with Metal Ions | |
Introduction | p. 307 |
Optical Reporter Molecules | p. 308 |
Redox Reporter Molecules | p. 310 |
Chemiluminescence | p. 310 |
Chelate Complexants | p. 311 |
Nitrogen and Oxygen Donors | p. 311 |
Conformational and Steric Effects | p. 316 |
Sulfur Donors | p. 317 |
Ruthenium Bipyridyl Complexes as Sensors | p. 319 |
Calixarene Complexants | p. 320 |
Optical Reporters on Calixarenes | p. 320 |
Redox Reporters on Calixarenes | p. 326 |
Lanthanide Reporters on Calixarenes | p. 326 |
Macrocyclic Complexants | p. 327 |
N, O, and S-Donors | p. 328 |
Azamacrocycles | p. 332 |
Cryptands | p. 334 |
Porphyrins and Pyrroles | p. 336 |
Crown Ethers and Cryptands for Alkali and Alkaline Earth Chemosensors | p. 338 |
Naphthalene and Anthracene Reporters | p. 339 |
Iron Sulfur Cluster Reporters | p. 344 |
Structural Features | p. 344 |
Sensors for Biological Applications | p. 345 |
Sodium | p. 346 |
Potassium | p. 347 |
Calcium | p. 347 |
Zinc | p. 349 |
Lanthanides | p. 351 |
Signal Transmission | p. 352 |
Solid State Sensors | p. 353 |
Sensors for Anions | p. 355 |
Acyclic Ligating Sites | p. 355 |
Calixarenes | p. 357 |
Molecular Computation | p. 359 |
Index | p. 365 |
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