Extragalactic Astronomy

I: Forms and Structures.- 1.1. Normal and Peculiar Galaxies.- 1.2. Classification of Normal Galaxies.- The Holmberg Classification.- Description of the Holmberg Types.- The Hubble Classification.- The de Vaucouleurs Classification.- 1.3. Apparent and True Flattening of Galaxies.- 1.4. Other Classifications Systems.- The Yerkes Classification.- Luminosity Classes.- 1.5. Classification of Peculiar Galaxies.- II: Normal Galaxies.- II.1. Contents.- II.1.1. Photometric Properties.- Total Luminosities.- Brightness Distributions.- Other Luminosity Distributions.- Apparent Dimensions.- Colors.- II.1.2. Stellar Content.- Composite Spectra.- Luminosity Effects.- Composition Differences.- II.1.3. The Interstellar Medium in Galaxies.- Neutral Hydrogen Observations.- The Neutral Hydrogen Content along the Sequence.- Neutral Hydrogen Distribution.- The Ionized Medium in Galaxies.- II.1.4. Subsystems.- Spheroidal Subsystems.- Globular Clusters.- The Nuclear Subsystems.- Disk Subsystems.- Arm Subsystems.- The Bar and its Associated Subsystems.- II.2. Motions and Masses.- II.2.1. Kinematics.- Rotation Curves in Late-type Galaxies.- Observed Rotation Curves in Late-type Galaxies.- Departures from Circular Motion.- Rotation in Early-type Galaxies.- Velocity Dispersion in Early-type Galaxies.- II.2.2. Masses of Galaxies.- Masses from Curves of Rotation.- Indicative Masses.- Mass Distribution.- Angular Momentum from Rotation Curves.- Masses from the Velocity Dispersion of Stars.- Statistical Masses from Galaxy Pairs.- Statistical Masses from Systems of Galaxies.- II.2.3. Mass-Luminosity Ratios.- Integrated Values.- Variation of the Local Value of the M/LB Ratio.- Massive Halos.- II.3. Models for Normal Galaxies.- II.3.1. Dynamical Models.- Elliptical Galaxies.- Flattening of Elliptical Galaxies.- Triaxial Structures in Elliptical Galaxies.- II.3.2. Evolution of Galactic Content.- Basic Equations.- Chemical Evolution of the Interstellar Gas.- The Rate of Stellar Formation.- Integrated Colors as Age Indicators.- The Nature of Dwarf Galaxies.- III: Active Galaxies.- III.1. Classification.- III.2. Intergalactic H II Regions (IG H II).- III.3. Galaxies with Nuclear Emission (neG).- III.4. Irr II Galaxies.- Explosive Galaxies.- Post Eruptive Galaxies.- III.5. Seyfert Galaxies (SyG).- III.5.1. Spectrum of Emission.- III.5.2. Continuum Spectrum.- III.5.3. Variability.- III.5.4. Radioemission.- III.5.5. Correlations.- III.6. Strong Radio Galaxies (SRG).- III.6.1. Radio Structures.- III.6.2. Spectrum of Radio Frequencies.- III.6.3. Time Scale.- III.6.4. Compact Sources.- III.6.5. Optical Forms Associated with SRG's.- III.6.6. Optical Spectra.- III.6.7. Energetics of SRG's.- III.7. N Galaxies.- III.8. Quasi Stellar Objects (QSO).- III.8.1. Continuum Spectrum.- III.8.2. Line Spectrum.- III.8.3. BL Lacertae Objects.- III.8.4. Redshifts and Nature of the QSO's.- III.9. Activity in Compact Objects.- III.9.1. Excitation Mechanism.- III.9.2. The Source of Energy.- IV: Galaxies and their Environment.- IV.1. Tidal Interactions.- Interacting Galaxies (IG).- Ring-like Peculiar Galaxies.- Dynamical Friction.- Mergers.- IV.1.2. Non-tidal Interactions.- SRGs as Environmental Probes.- The Head-Tail Radio Sources.- Stripping Process.- Accretion.- IV.2. Agregates of Galaxies.- IV.2.1. Pairs and Multiplets.- IV.2.2. Groups of Galaxies.- IV.2.3. Clusters.- Classification.- Dynamics and Evolution.- Intracluster Medium (ICM).- Luminosity Function.- IV.2.4. Second Order Clustering.- The Local Super Cluster (SC).- IV.2.5. Clustering.- The Observed and Computed Correlations.- Saslaw's Interpretation.- IV.3. Mean Mass Density of Matter in the Universe.- A Hierarchical Universe?.- V: Measuring the Universe.- V.1. Distance Indicators.- V.1.1. Primary Distance Indicators.- Interstellar Absorption.- Novae.- Population I Cepheids.- RR Lyrae.- V.1.2. Other Photometric Indicators.- The Brightest Stars.- Blue Bright Stars.- The Hubble-Sandage Stars.- Red Giants.- Globular Clusters.- The Color-Magnitude (CM) Effect.- Luminosity Classes.- Absolute Magnitudes of Galaxies.- V.1.3. Geometric Indicators.- Diameters of H II Rings.- Diameters of the Largest H II Regions.- Diameters of Spiral Galaxies.- V.1.4. Other Indicators.- Surface Brightness of Galaxies.- Super Associations (SAS).- Supernovae.- The 21-cm Line Width.- Sypernovae Expansion.- Super Luminal Expansion.- V.2. The Scale of Distances.- V.2.1. The Hubble Flow.- V.2.2. The Quest for H0.- Seven Steps Toward the Hubble Constant.- Seven Other Steps Toward the Hubble Ratio.- Two Leaps to H0.- Epilog.- V.3. Far Away and Long Ago.- V.3.1. TheRedshift.- V.3.2. The Hubble Law.- The Redshift Magnitude Diagram.- The Deceleration Parameter.- VI: Cosmology.- VI.1. Basic Assumptions.- VI.2. Explosive Cosmologies.- VI.3. Thermal Evolution of the Universe.- VI.4. Primaeval Nucleosynthesis.- VI.5. The Background Radiation.- VI.6. Observational Cosmology.- VI.6.1. Observable Parameters.- VI.6.2. Fitting the Model to the Universe.- VI.6.3. Lifting the Restriction ? = 0.- VII: Gravitational Instability and Galaxy Formation.- VII.1. Theory of Jeans' Wavelength and Mass.- VII.1.1. The Jeans Mass.- VII.2. Gravitational Instability in an Expanding Universe.- VII.2.1. The Era of Gravitational Instability.- VII.3. Protogalaxies.- VII.3.1. Non-linear Growth of a Density Perturbation.- VII.4. Galaxy Formation Through Dissipative Collapse.- VII.4.1. Stationary State out of Equilibrium.- VII.4.2. Hierarchy of Fragmentations.- VII.4.3. The End of the Hierarchy.- VII.4.4. Global Dynamics.- VII.4.5. The Influence of Rotation.- VI.5. Dissipationless Collapse.- VIII: Notes and Comments.- VII.1. Catalogs and Atlas of Galaxies.- VIII.2. Composite Spectra.- Quantitative Analysis of Composite Spectra.- VIII.3. The H I Spectrum.- Line Formation.- Excitation of the 21-cm Line.- Optical Depth and Absorption.- VIII.4. Determination of Rotation Curves.- VIII.5. Rotation Period of Central Regions in Galaxies.- VIII.6. Note for Section V.1.3.