Fiber-Optic Communication Systems

Preface xv

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Historical Perspective 1

1.2 Basic Concepts 8

1.3 Optical Communication Systems 16

1.4 Lightwave System Components 17

Problems 20

References 21

2 Optical Fibers 24

2.1 Geometrical-Optics Description 24

2.2 Wave Propagation 29

2.3 Dispersion in Single-Mode Fibers 38

2.4 Dispersion-Induced Limitations 46

2.5 Fiber Losses 55

2.6 Nonlinear Optical Effects 59

2.7 Fiber Design and Fabrication 67

Problems 74

References 75

3 Optical Transmitters 79

3.1 Semiconductor Laser Physics 79

3.2 Single-Mode Semiconductor Lasers 87

3.3 Laser Characteristics 94

3.4 Optical Signal Generation 104

3.5 Light-Emitting Diodes 110

3.6 Transmitter Design 115

Problems 121

References 122

4 Optical Receivers 128

4.1 Basic Concepts 128

4.2 Common Photodetectors 131

4.3 Receiver Design 144

4.4 Receiver Noise 148

4.5 Coherent Detection 158

4.6 Receiver Sensitivity 161

4.7 Sensitivity Degradation 167

4.8 Receiver Performance 173

Problems 175

References 177

5 Lightwave Systems 182

5.1 System Architectures 182

5.2 Design Guidelines 187

5.3 Long-Haul Systems 194

5.4 Sources of Power Penalty 200

5.5 Forward Error Correction 212

5.6 Computer-Aided Design 214

Problems 216

References 218

6 Multichannel Systems 223

6.1 WDM Lightwave Systems 223

6.2 WDM Components 232

6.3 System Performance Issues 251

6.4 Time-Division Multiplexing 264

6.5 Subcarrier Multiplexing 269

6.6 Code-Division Multiplexing 277

Problems 283

References 285

7 Loss Management 295

7.1 Compensation of Fiber Losses 295

7.2 Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers 300

7.3 Raman Amplifiers 310

7.4 Optical Signal-To-Noise Ratio 318

7.5 Electrical Signal-To-Noise Ratio 321

7.6 Receiver Sensitivity and Q Factor 325

7.7 Role of Dispersive and Nonlinear Effects 328

7.8 Periodically Amplified Lightwave Systems 334

Problems 339

References 340

8 Dispersion Management 345

8.1 Dispersion Problem and Its Solution 345

8.2 Dispersion-Compensating Fibers 347

8.3 Fiber Bragg Gratings 354

8.4 Dispersion-Equalizing Filters 363

8.5 Optical Phase Conjugation 369

8.6 Channels at High Bit Rates 375

8.7 Electronic Dispersion Compensation 385

Problems 397

References 399

9 Control of Nonlinear Effects 407

9.1 Impact of Fiber Nonlinearity 407

9.2 Solitons in Optical Fibers 416

9.3 Dispersion-Managed Solitons 423

9.4 Pseudo-linear Lightwave Systems 434

9.5 Control of Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects 444

Problems 451

References 453

10 Advanced Lightwave Systems 459

10.1 Advanced Modulation Formats 460

10.2 Demodulation Schemes 464

10.3 Shot Noise and Bit-Error Rate 470

10.4 Sensitivity Degradation Mechanisms 476

10.5 Impact of Nonlinear Effects 485

10.6 Recent Progress 494

10.7 Ultimate Channel Capacity 501

Problems 503

References 504

11 Optical Signal Processing 511

11.1 Nonlinear Techniques and Devices 511

11.2 All-Optical Flip-Flops 529

11.3 Wavelength Converters 533

11.4 Ultrafast Optical Switching 544

11.5 Optical Regenerators 553

Problems 568

References 569

A System of Units 578

B Acronyms 580

C General Formula for Pulse Broadening 584

D Software Package 587

Index 589