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Filled Polymers
Science and Industrial Applications
By: Jean L. Leblanc
Hardcover | 14 October 2009 | Edition Number 1
At a Glance
444 Pages
24.3 x 15.6 x 2.6
Hardcover
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The idea of mixing single available materials into compounds to fulfill a set of desired properties is likely as old as mankind. Highly sophisticated polymer applications would simply be impossible without the enhancement of some of their properties through addition of fine mineral particles or synthetic or natural short fibers. Many filled polymers, either thermoplastics or vulcanizable rubbers, have different chemical natures but exhibit common singular properties. An understanding of why they do so is likely to be the source of promising scientific and engineering developments—and Filled Polymers: Science and Industrial Applications thoroughly explores the question.
Based on the author's 30 years of research, engineering activities, and teaching in the field of complex polymer systems, this comprehensive survey of polymer applications illustrates their commonalities and the scientific background behind their many industrial uses. The text analyzes theoretical considerations which explain the origin of the singular properties of filled polymers, and it includes appendices which feature a selection of calculation worksheets that offer numerical illustrations of several of the theoretical considerations discussed in the book.
Our understanding of polymer reinforcement remains incomplete because any progress in the field is strongly connected with either the availability of appropriate experimental and observation techniques or theoretical views about polymer-filler interactions, or both. This book presents tools—such as equations tested with familiar calculation software—to clarify these concepts and take understanding to the highest possible level.
Preface | p. xi |
Author Bio | p. xv |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Scope of the Book | p. 1 |
Filled Polymers vs. Polymer Nanocomposites | p. 3 |
References | p. 8 |
Types of Fillers | p. 11 |
Concept of Reinforcement | p. 15 |
Reference | p. 19 |
Typical Fillers for Polymers | p. 21 |
Carbon Black | p. 21 |
Usages of Carbon Blacks | p. 21 |
Carbon Black Fabrication Processes | p. 21 |
Structural Aspects and Characterization of Carbon Blacks | p. 24 |
Carbon Black Aggregates as Mass Fractal Objects | p. 30 |
Surface Energy Aspects of Carbon Black | p. 44 |
White Fillers | p. 49 |
A Few Typical White Fillers | p. 49 |
Silicates | p. 49 |
Natural Silica | p. 52 |
Synthetic Silica | p. 53 |
Carbonates | p. 54 |
Miscellaneous Mineral Fillers | p. 56 |
Silica Fabrication Processes | p. 56 |
Fumed Silica | p. 56 |
Precipitated Silica | p. 58 |
Characterization and Structural Aspects of Synthetic Silica | p. 62 |
Surface Energy Aspects of Silica | p. 68 |
Short Synthetic Fibers | p. 69 |
Short Fibers of Natural Origin | p. 72 |
References | p. 79 |
Appendix 4 | p. 82 |
Carbon Black Data | p. 82 |
Source of Data for Table 4.5 | p. 82 |
Relationships between Carbon Black Characterization Data | p. 84 |
Medalia's Floe Simulation for Carbon Black Aggregate | p. 85 |
Medalia's Aggregate Morphology Approach | p. 86 |
Carbon Black: Number of Particles/Aggregate | p. 89 |
Polymers and Carbon Black | p. 91 |
Elastomers and Carbon Black (CB) | p. 91 |
Generalities | p. 91 |
Effects of Carbon Black on Rheological Properties | p. 95 |
Concept of Bound Rubber (BdR) | p. 108 |
Bound Rubber at the Origin of Singular Flow Properties of Rubber Compounds | p. 112 |
Factors Affecting Bound Rubber | p. 114 |
Viscosity and Carbon Black Level | p. 121 |
Effect of Carbon Black on Mechanical Properties | p. 125 |
Effect of Carbon Black on Dynamic Properties | p. 140 |
Variation of Dynamic Moduli with Strain Amplitude (at Constant Frequency and Temperature) | p. 141 |
Variation of tan with Strain Amplitude and Temperature (at Constant Frequency) | p. 142 |
Variation of Dynamic Moduli with Temperature (at Constant Frequency and Strain Amplitude) | p. 142 |
Effect of Carbon Black Type on G' and tan | p. 144 |
Effect of Carbon Black Dispersion on Dynamic Properties | p. 146 |
Origin of Rubber Reinforcement by Carbon Black | p. 148 |
Dynamic Stress Softening Effect | p. 151 |
Physical Considerations | p. 151 |
Modeling Dynamic Stress Softening as a "Filler Network" Effect | p. 152 |
Modeling Dynamic Stress Softening as a "Filler-Polymer Network" Effect | p. 168 |
Thermoplastics and Carbon Black | p. 172 |
Generalities | p. 172 |
Effect of Carbon Black on Rheological Properties of Thermoplastics | p. 173 |
Effect of Carbon Black on Electrical Conductivity of Thermoplastics | p. 175 |
References | p. 179 |
Appendix 5 | p. 185 |
Network Junction Theory | p. 185 |
Developing the Model | p. 185 |
Typical Calculations with the Network Junction Model | p. 188 |
Strain Amplification Factor from the Network Junction Theory | p. 190 |
Modeling the Elastic Behavior of a Rubber Layer between Two Rigid Spheres | p. 190 |
Experimental Results vs. Calculated Data | p. 191 |
Comparing the Theoretical Model with the Approximate Fitted Equation | p. 192 |
Strain Amplification Factor | p. 193 |
Comparing the Network Junction Strain Amplification Factor with Experimental Data | p. 194 |
Kraus Deagglomeration-Reagglomeration Model for Dynamic Strain Softening | p. 196 |
Soft Spheres Interactions | p. 196 |
Modeling G' vs. 0 | p. 197 |
Modeling G" vs. 0 | p. 198 |
Modeling tan vs. 0 | p. 200 |
Complex Modulus G* vs. 0 | p. 202 |
A Few Mathematical Aspects of the Kraus Model | p. 204 |
Fitting Model to Experimental Data | p. 206 |
Modeling G' vs. Strain | p. 207 |
Modeling G" vs. Strain | p. 209 |
Ulmer Modification of the Kraus Model for Dynamic Strain Softening: Fitting the Model | p. 212 |
Modeling G' vs. Strain (same as Kraus) | p. 213 |
Modeling G" vs. Strain | p. 215 |
Aggregates Flocculation/Entanglement Model (Cluster-Cluster Aggregation Model, Klüppel et al.) | p. 218 |
Mechanically Effective Solid Fraction of Aggregate | p. 219 |
Modulus as Function of Filler Volume Fraction | p. 220 |
Strain Dependence of Storage Modulus | p. 221 |
Lion et al. Model for Dynamic Strain Softening | p. 222 |
Fractional Linear Solid Model | p. 222 |
Modeling the Dynamic Strain Softening Effect | p. 223 |
A Few Mathematical Aspects of the Model | p. 226 |
Maier and Göritz Model for Dynamic Strain Softening | p. 227 |
Developing the Model | p. 227 |
A Few Mathematical Aspects of the Model | p. 229 |
Fitting the Model to Experimental Data | p. 230 |
Modeling G' vs. Strain | p. 231 |
Modeling G" vs. Strain | p. 232 |
Polymers and White Fillers | p. 235 |
Elastomers and White Fillers | p. 235 |
Elastomers and Silica | p. 235 |
Generalities | p. 235 |
Surface Chemistry of Silica | p. 236 |
Comparing Carbon Black and (Untreated) Silica in Diene Elastomers | p. 237 |
Silanisation of Silica and Reinforcement of Diene Elastomers | p. 239 |
Silica and Polydimethylsiloxane | p. 246 |
Elastomers and Clays (Kaolins) | p. 257 |
Elastomers and Talc | p. 260 |
Thermoplastics and White Fillers | p. 262 |
Generalities | p. 262 |
Typical White Filler Effects and the Concept of Maximum Volume Fraction | p. 266 |
Thermoplastics and Calcium Carbonates | p. 280 |
Thermoplastics and Talc | p. 291 |
Thermoplastics and Mica | p. 297 |
Thermoplastics and Clay(s) | p. 300 |
References | p. 302 |
Appendix 6 | p. 308 |
Adsorption Kinetics of Silica on Silicone Polymers | p. 308 |
Effect of Polymer Molecular Weight | p. 308 |
Effect of Silica Weight Fraction | p. 310 |
Modeling the Shear Viscosity Function of Filled Polymer Systems | p. 312 |
Models for the Rheology of Suspensions of Rigid Particles, Involving the Maximum Packing Fraction m | p. 315 |
Assessing the Capabilities of Model for the Shear Viscosity Function of Filled Polymers | p. 319 |
Effect of Filler Fraction | p. 320 |
Effect of Characteristic Time 0 | p. 320 |
Effect of Yasuda Exponent a | p. 321 |
Effect of Yield Stress c | p. 321 |
Fitting Experimental Data for Filled Polymer Systems | p. 322 |
Observations on Experimental Data | p. 323 |
Extracting and Arranging Shear Viscosity Data | p. 324 |
Fitting the Virgin Polystyrene Data with the Carreau-Yasuda Model | p. 324 |
Fitting the Filled Polystyrene Shear Viscosity Data | p. 326 |
Assembling and Analyzing all Results | p. 332 |
Expanding the Krieger-Dougherty Relationship | p. 335 |
Polymers and Short Fibers | p. 339 |
Generalities | p. 339 |
Micromechanic Models for Short Fibers-Filled Polymer Composites | p. 344 |
Minimum Fiber Length | p. 344 |
Halpin-Tsai Equations | p. 345 |
Mori-Tanaka's Averaging Hypothesis and Derived Models | p. 351 |
Shear Lag Models | p. 353 |
Thermoplastics and Short Glass Fibers | p. 358 |
Typical Rheological Aspect of Short Fiber-Filled Thermoplastic Melts | p. 368 |
Thermoplastics and Short Fibers of Natural Origin | p. 370 |
Elastomers and Short Fibers | p. 375 |
References | p. 383 |
Appendix 7 | p. 389 |
Short Fiber-Reinforced Composites: Minimum Fiber Aspect Ratio | p. 389 |
Effect of Volume Fraction on Effective Fiber Length | p. 389 |
Effect of Matrix Modulus on Effective Fiber Length | p. 390 |
Effect of Fiber-to-Matrix Modulus Ratio on Effective Fiber Length/Diameter Ratio | p. 391 |
Halpin-Tsai Equations for Short Fibers Filled Systems: Numerical Illustration | p. 391 |
Longitudinal (Tensile) Modulus E11 | p. 392 |
Transversal (Tensile) Modulus E22 | p. 393 |
Shear Modulus G12 | p. 393 |
Modulus for Random Fiber Orientation | p. 394 |
Fiber Orientation as an Adjustable Parameter | p. 394 |
Average Orientation Parameters from Halpin-Tsai Equations for Short Fibers Filled Systems | p. 394 |
Longitudinal (Tensile) Modulus E11 | p. 395 |
Transversal (Tensile) Modulus E22 | p. 396 |
Orientation Parameter X | p. 396 |
Nielsen Modification of Halpin-Tsai Equations with Respect to the Maximum Packing Fraction: Numerical Illustration | p. 396 |
Maximum Packing Functions | p. 397 |
Longitudinal (Tensile) Modulus E11 | p. 398 |
Transverse (Tensile) Modulus Ey | p. 398 |
Shear Modulus G | p. 398 |
Mori-Tanaka's Average Stress Concept: Tandon-Weng Expressions for Randomly Distributed Ellipsoidal (Fiber-Like) Particles: Numerical Illustration | p. 399 |
Eshelby's Tensor (Depending on Matrix Poisson's Ratio and Fibers Aspect Ratio Only) | p. 399 |
Materials' Constants (i.e., Not Depending on Fiber Volume Fraction) | p. 400 |
Materials and Volume Fraction Depending Constants | p. 401 |
Calculating the Longitudinal (Tensile) Modulus E11 | p. 402 |
Calculating the Transverse (Tensile) Modulus E22 | p. 402 |
Calculating the (In-Plane) Shear Modulus G12 | p. 403 |
Calculating the (Out-Plane) Shear Modulus G23 | p. 404 |
Comparing with Experimental Data | p. 404 |
Tandon-Weng Expressions for Randomly Distributed Spherical Particles: Numerical illustration | p. 406 |
Eshelby's Tensor (Depending on Matrix Poisson's Ratio Only) | p. 406 |
Materials' Constants (i.e., Not Depending on Filler Volume Fraction) | p. 406 |
Materials and Volume Fraction Depending Constants | p. 407 |
Calculating the Tensile Modulus E | p. 408 |
Calculating the Shear Modulus G | p. 408 |
Shear Lag Model: Numerical illustration | p. 409 |
Index | p. 411 |
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
ISBN: 9781439800423
ISBN-10: 1439800421
Published: 14th October 2009
Format: Hardcover
Language: English
Number of Pages: 444
Audience: College, Tertiary and University
Publisher: Taylor & Francis Inc
Country of Publication: GB
Edition Number: 1
Dimensions (cm): 24.3 x 15.6 x 2.6
Weight (kg): 0.75
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