Preface | p. xvii |
Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 4 |
Methods of Prediction | p. 4 |
Numerical Methods | p. 5 |
Purpose and Outline | p. 6 |
Governing Equations | p. 7 |
Stokes-Fourier Postulates | p. 7 |
The Navier-Stokes and Energy Equations | p. 8 |
Compressible Flows | p. 8 |
Incompressible Flows | p. 9 |
Vorticity and Stream Function | p. 9 |
Non-dimensional Governing Equations | p. 10 |
Turbulent Navier-Stokes and Energy Equations | p. 11 |
Averaging Processes | p. 11 |
Averaged Turbulence Equations | p. 14 |
Turbulence Transport Equations | p. 15 |
Turbulence Closure | p. 18 |
First-Order Closure (Zero Equation Model) | p. 18 |
Second-Order Closure | p. 19 |
Progress in Turbulence Modeling | p. 21 |
Second-Order Turbulence Closure Models | p. 21 |
Modifications of Second-Order Closure Models | p. 23 |
Numerical Considerations in the Near-Wall Region | p. 24 |
Overview and Areas for Future Work | p. 26 |
Classification of PDEs | p. 28 |
Terminology | p. 28 |
First-Order Equations and Characteristics | p. 28 |
Second-Order Equations and Characteristics | p. 32 |
Well-Posed Problems | p. 35 |
Well-Posed Problems | p. 35 |
Example of Existence | p. 35 |
Example of Uniqueness | p. 36 |
Example of Instability | p. 37 |
Existence and Physical Problems | p. 37 |
Uniqueness and the Downstream Condition | p. 39 |
Some Improperly Posed Problems | p. 40 |
Numerical Methods | p. 41 |
Grid Generation | p. 42 |
Numerical Methods | p. 42 |
Finite Difference Method | p. 42 |
Finite Element Method | p. 44 |
Finite Analytic Method | p. 45 |
The Finite Difference Method | p. 47 |
Discretization | p. 47 |
Central, Backward and Forward Differences | p. 49 |
Unsteady, One-Dimensional Heat Equation | p. 52 |
Error and Stability | p. 55 |
Error Types | p. 55 |
Stability | p. 55 |
Two-Dimensional Heat Equation | p. 56 |
Exercises for Part I | p. 58 |
The Finite Analytic Method | p. 62 |
Basic Principles | p. 65 |
The Transport Equation | p. 65 |
FA Fundamentals | p. 66 |
The One-Dimensional Case | p. 69 |
The One-Dimensional Transport Equation | p. 69 |
Finite Analytic Solution | p. 70 |
Hybrid Finite Analytic Solution | p. 72 |
FA and FD Coefficient Comparison | p. 72 |
Burgers' Equation | p. 76 |
The Two-Dimensional Case | p. 78 |
The Two-Dimensional Transport Equation | p. 78 |
FA Solution on Uniform Grids | p. 80 |
The Poisson Equation | p. 85 |
FA Solution for Nonuniform Grids | p. 85 |
Heat Transfer in a Driven Cavity | p. 88 |
The Three-Dimensional Case | p. 93 |
Three-Dimensional Transport Equation | p. 93 |
FA 27-Point Solution for Uniform Grids | p. 96 |
FA Formulation on Nonuniform Grids | p. 100 |
The 19-Point FA Formula | p. 105 |
Analysis of 19- and 27-point FA Schemes | p. 108 |
11-Point FA Formula | p. 111 |
FA Solution of 3D Cavity Flow | p. 113 |
Stability and Convergence | p. 118 |
Three Operators | p. 118 |
Consistency of the FA Solution | p. 119 |
Stability and Convergence | p. 125 |
Stability | p. 125 |
Convergence | p. 129 |
Hyperbolic PDEs | p. 130 |
Hyperbolic Equations | p. 130 |
Method of Characteristics | p. 131 |
FA Method | p. 133 |
Supersonic Flow in a 2D Channel | p. 136 |
Explicit Finite Analytic Method | p. 141 |
Convection Dominated Transport Equation | p. 141 |
Analytic Solution | p. 143 |
FA Solution | p. 143 |
Approximating the Initial Condition | p. 145 |
Explicit Finite Analytic Scheme | p. 146 |
EFAS Solution for a Single Equation | p. 147 |
Exercises for Part II | p. 150 |
Numerical Grid Generation | p. 152 |
Introduction to Grid Generation | p. 155 |
Objectives and Principles | p. 156 |
Mathematical Framework | p. 157 |
Standard Coordinate Systems | p. 159 |
Algebraic Methods | p. 161 |
Bilinear Map | p. 161 |
Transfinite Interpolation | p. 162 |
Differential Coordinate Systems | p. 163 |
Conformal Maps | p. 164 |
Elliptic Grid Generation | p. 166 |
Other Differential Methods | p. 166 |
Adaptive and Multilevel Methods | p. 167 |
Adaptive Grids | p. 168 |
Multilevel Methods | p. 169 |
Elliptic Grid Generation | p. 173 |
Harmonic Functions | p. 173 |
Average Value | p. 174 |
Maximum and Minimum Principle | p. 175 |
Simple Elliptic Generator | p. 176 |
Winslow Generator | p. 178 |
Poisson Generator | p. 179 |
Qualitative Analysis | p. 180 |
Control Functions | p. 182 |
Equations in [xi] and [eta] Coordinates | p. 187 |
Derivative Transformations | p. 187 |
Transformed Equations | p. 189 |
The Continuity Equation | p. 189 |
The Transport Equation | p. 190 |
Diagonal Cartesian Method | p. 192 |
Current Methods | p. 192 |
Diagonal Cartesian Method | p. 194 |
Automatic Boundary Approximation | p. 194 |
Boundary Point Selection | p. 195 |
Accuracy Considerations | p. 198 |
Relative Length Error E1 | p. 198 |
Average Normal Distance E2 | p. 200 |
Two-dimensional Example | p. 201 |
Three-dimensional Approximations | p. 201 |
Three-dimensional Example | p. 201 |
FA Method on DC Coordinates | p. 205 |
5-Point FA Scheme for Uniform Grids | p. 205 |
5-Point FA Scheme for Nonuniform Grids | p. 209 |
Three-Dimensional Case | p. 211 |
Exercises for Part III | p. 214 |
Computational Considerations | p. 216 |
Velocity, Pressure and Staggered Grids | p. 219 |
The Checkerboard Problem | p. 219 |
The SIMPLE Algorithm | p. 220 |
The SIMPLEC Algorithm | p. 225 |
The SIMPLER Algorithm | p. 226 |
The PISO Algorithm | p. 227 |
Convergence Criteria | p. 229 |
Performance Summary | p. 230 |
Nonstaggered Grid Methods | p. 231 |
Pressure Weighted Interpolation Method | p. 231 |
Poisson Pressure Equation Method | p. 236 |
Momentum Weighted Interpolation Method | p. 237 |
Method Comparisons | p. 238 |
Boundary Conditions | p. 240 |
Staggered Grids | p. 240 |
Nonstaggered Grids | p. 241 |
Cell-Vertex Nodes | p. 241 |
Cell-Centered Nodes | p. 244 |
PPEM | p. 245 |
Ghost Boundary Nodes | p. 246 |
2D Diagonal Cartesian Method | p. 248 |
Ghost Boundary Node Method | p. 248 |
Diagonal Surface Nodes | p. 248 |
Velocity Boundary Conditions | p. 254 |
Exercises for Part IV | p. 255 |
Applications of the FA Method | p. 256 |
Turbulent Flows | p. 259 |
Laminar Applications | p. 260 |
Fluid Dynamics of Disc Valves | p. 260 |
Mathematical Model | p. 260 |
Governing Equations | p. 260 |
Boundary Conditions | p. 261 |
Results and Discussion | p. 261 |
Turbulent Heat Transfer | p. 267 |
Laminar Applications | p. 267 |
Two-Dimensional Sea Breeze | p. 268 |
Introduction | p. 268 |
Mathematical Model | p. 270 |
Model Equations | p. 270 |
Initial and Boundary Conditions | p. 271 |
Results and Discussion | p. 272 |
Complex Domain Flows | p. 276 |
Unsaturated Porous Media | p. 276 |
Mathematical Model | p. 277 |
Results and Discussion | p. 279 |
Conjugate Heat Transfer | p. 286 |
Design of a Compact Heat Exchanger | p. 286 |
Mathematical Model | p. 289 |
Results and Discussion | p. 290 |
The One-Dimensional Case | p. 295 |
The Two-Dimensional Case | p. 303 |
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