Contributors xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
About the Companion Website xvii
1 Basics of Structure and Function 1
The Cell, Its Structure and Functions 1
Energy Production 4
Functions of DNA and RNA 5
Embryology 8
Tissues 11
Directional Terms and Planes 17
Body Cavities 19
2 Body Water: Properties and Functions 25
Physicochemical Properties of Solutions 25
Distribution of Body Water 33
Water Balance 35
Dehydration, Thirst, and Water Intake 37
Adaptation to Water Lack 38
3 Blood and Its Functions 42
General Characteristics 42
Leukocytes 44
Erythrocytes 51
Fate of Erythrocytes 55
Iron Metabolism 57
Anemia and Polycythemia 59
Hemostasis: Prevention of Blood Loss 59
Prevention of Blood Coagulation 67
Tests for Blood Coagulation 68
Plasma and Its Composition 69
4 Nervous System 78
Structure of the Nervous System 78
Organization of the Nervous System 82
The Nerve Impulse and Its Transmission 98
Reflexes 104
The Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid 106
Central Nervous System Metabolism 111
5 The Sensory Organs 117
Classification of Sensory Receptors 117
Sensory Receptor Responses 118
Pain 119
Taste 121
Smell 123
Hearing and Equilibrium 125
Vision 134
6 Endocrine System 152
Hormones 152
Pituitary Gland 154
Thyroid Gland 157
Parathyroid Glands 160
Adrenal Glands 162
Pancreatic Gland 166
Prostaglandins and Their Functions 167
7 Bones, Joints, and Synovial Fluid 171
General Features of the Skeleton 171
Bone Structure 179
Bone Formation 184
Bone Repair 188
Joints and Synovial Fluid 189
8 Muscle 198
Classification 198
Arrangement 200
Skeletal-Muscle Harnessing 201
Microstructure of Skeletal Muscle 202
Skeletal-Muscle Contraction 206
Comparison of Contraction among Muscle Types 214
Changes in Muscle Size 216
9 The Cardiovascular System 220
Heart and Pericardium 220
Blood Vessels 225
Lymphatic System 231
Spleen 235
Cardiac Contractility 237
Electrocardiogram 240
Heart Sounds 242
Heart Rate and Its Control 243
Blood Pressure 245
Blood Flow 247
Capillary Dynamics 250
10 The Respiratory System 258
Respiratory Apparatus 258
Factors Associated with Breathing 266
Respiratory Pressures 269
Pulmonary Ventilation 271
Diffusion of Respiratory Gases 273
Oxygen Transport 275
Carbon Dioxide Transport 278
Regulation of Ventilation 280
Respiratory Clearance 285
Nonrespiratory Functions of the Respiratory System 286
Pathophysiology Terminology 287
Avian Respiration 289
11 The Urinary System 298
Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys and Urinary Bladder 299
The Nephron 302
Formation of Urine 307
Glomerular Filtration 309
Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion 312
Countercurrent Mechanism 314
Concentration of Urine 317
Extracellular Fluid Volume Regulation 321
Aldosterone 321
Other Hormones with Kidney Association 322
Micturition 324
Characteristics of Mammalian Urine 325
Renal Clearance 326
Maintenance of Acid–Base Balance 327
Avian Urinary System 331
12 Digestion and Absorption 341
Introductory Considerations 342
The Oral Cavity and Pharynx 343
The Simple Stomach 348
Intestines 350
Accessory Organs 358
Composition of Foodstuffs 362
Pregastric Mechanical Functions 365
Gastrointestinal Motility 368
Mechanical Functions of the Stomach and Small Intestine 370
Mechanical Functions of the Large Intestine 372
Digestive Secretions 373
Digestion and Absorption 379
The Ruminant Stomach 381
Characteristics of Ruminant Digestion 385
Chemistry and Microbiology of the Rumen 388
Ruminant Metabolism 390
Avian Digestion 393
13 Body Heat and Temperature Regulation 402
Body Temperature 402
Physiologic Responses to Heat 403
Physiologic Responses to Cold 407
Hibernation 408
Hypothermia and Hyperthermia 409
14 Male Reproduction 412
Testes and Associated Structures 412
Descent of the Testes 417
Accessory Sex Glands and Semen 419
Penis and Prepuce 420
Muscles of Male Genitalia 423
Blood and Nerve Supply 424
Spermatogenesis 425
Erection 430
Mounting and Intromission 431
Emission and Ejaculation 431
Factors Affecting Testicular Function 432
Reproduction in the Avian Male 432
15 Female Reproduction 438
Functional Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System 438
Hormones of Female Reproduction 448
Ovarian Follicle Activity 452
Sexual Receptivity 456
Estrous Cycle and Related Factors 457
Pregnancy 462
Parturition 468
Involution of the Uterus 472
Reproduction in the Avian Female 473
16 Lactation 481
Functional Anatomy of Female Mammary Glands 481
Mammogenesis 487
Lactogenesis and Lactation 488
Composition of Milk 490
Milk Removal and Other Considerations 493
Appendix A Normal Blood Values 497
Appendix B Answers to Self Evaluation 501
Index 507
