Contributors xvii
Preface xxi
Acknowledgements xxv
About the Editors xxvii
Prefixes, Suffixes xxix
How to Use Your Textbook xxxix
About the Companion Website xli
1 Basic Scientific Principles of Physiology 1
Introduction 2
Levels of Organisation 2
Characteristics of Life 2
Bodily Requirements 3
Life at the Chemical Level 4
Chemical Reactions and Chemical Bonds 6
Acids and Bases 10
Representing Chemical Reactions in Written Form: Chemical Equations 11
Organic Molecules 12
Homeostasis 15
Units of Measurement 16
Conclusion 18
Glossary 18
References 19
Activities 19
Test Your Learning 21
Find Out More 21
2 Cells, Cellular Compartments, Transport Systems, Fluid Movement Between Compartments 23
Introduction 24
Inside the Cell 24
Structure of the Cell Membrane 25
Transport of Substances Across the Cell Membrane 26
How Do Cells Communicate? 30
Fluid Compartments in the Body 31
The Composition of Body Fluids 31
Electrolyte and Water Balance 32
Fluid Movement Between Compartments 34
Bulk Transport Across the Cell Membrane 37
Conclusion 39
Glossary 39
References 40
Further Reading 40
Activities 40
Find Out More 42
Chemical Symbols 42
Conditions 43
3 Genetics 45
Anatomical Map 46
Introduction 46
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) 47
The DNA Double Helix 48
Chromosomes 49
From DNA to Proteins 52
Summary of Relationship Between DNA, RNA and Protein 55
The Transference of Genes 56
Inheritance 60
Spontaneous Mutation 70
Disorders of Chromosomes 70
Conclusion 72
Glossary 72
References 73
Further Reading 74
Activities 74
Conditions 76
4 Tissue 77
Introduction 78
Epithelial Tissue 78
Connective Tissue 83
Membranes 89
Muscle Tissue 90
Nervous Tissue 91
Tissue Repair 92
Conclusion 93
Glossary 93
References 94
Activities 94
5 Embryology 97
Introduction 98
Final Maturation of the Oocyte and Sperm 98
Day One: Fertilisation 100
Days 2–5: Pre?Implantation Development 100
Day 6: Implantation 102
Week 2: Early Placental Formation 102
Week 3–8: Post?Implantation Embryonic Development 104
Late Gestation and Birth: Gestational Weeks 13–40 (Embryonic Weeks 11–38) 108
Complications of Pregnancy 111
Conclusion 115
Glossary 115
References 116
Further Reading 116
Activities 117
6 The Muscular System 119
Body Map 120
Introduction 120
Types of Muscle Tissue 120
Functions of the Muscular System 121
Composition of Skeletal Muscle Tissue 122
Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles 122
Microanatomy of Skeletal Muscle Fibre 123
Skeletal Muscle Contraction and Relaxation 127
Energy Sources for Muscle Contraction 130
Aerobic Respiration 130
Organisation of the Skeletal Muscular System 133
The Effects of Ageing 146
Conclusion 146
Glossary 146
References 147
Further Reading 147
Activities 147
Find Out More 149
Conditions 149
7 The Skeletal System 151
Body Map 152
Introduction 152
Bone as a Tissue 154
Other Connective Tissues Closely Associated with the Skeletal System 156
Bone Formation 158
Bone Growth 159
Bone Remodelling 161
Bone Fractures 164
The Axial and Appendicular Skeleton 165
Bone Shapes 166
Joints 170
Conclusion 174
Glossary 175
References 176
Further Reading 176
Activities 177
Match Each Bone to its Correct Shape 178
Find Out More 179
Conditions 179
8 The Circulatory System 181
Body Map 182
Introduction 182
Components of Blood 182
Properties of Blood 184
Plasma 184
Functions of Blood 184
Formation of Blood Cells 186
Red Blood Cells 187
White Blood Cells 191
Platelets 194
Haemostasis 194
Coagulation 194
Blood Groups 197
Blood Vessels 198
Blood Pressure 202
Lymphatic System 203
Lymphatic Organs 207
Conclusion 209
Glossary 209
References 210
Further Reading 210
Activities 211
Find Out More 212
Conditions 212
9 The Cardiac System 215
Body Map 216
Introduction 216
Size and Location of the Heart 216
The Structures of the Heart 217
The Blood Supply to the Heart 223
Blood Flow Through the Heart 228
The Electrical Pathways of the Heart 229
The Cardiac Cycle 233
Factors Affecting Cardiac Output 236
Regulation of Stroke Volume 236
Regulation of Heart Rate 237
Conclusion 239
Glossary 239
References 241
Further Reading 242
Activities 242
Conditions 243
10 The Digestive System 245
Body Map 246
Introduction 246
The Activity of the Digestive System 246
The Organisation of the Digestive System 246
The Digestive System Organs 247
The Structure of the Digestive System 254
The Liver and Production of Bile 264
The Gallbladder 266
The Large Intestine 266
Digestive Tract Hormones 268
Nutrition, Chemical Digestion and Metabolism 268
Conclusion 272
Glossary 273
References 275
Further Reading 276
Activities 276
Find Out More 278
Test Your Learning 278
Conditions 278
11 The Renal System 281
Body Map 282
Introduction 282
Renal System 282
Functions of the Kidney 290
Blood Supply of the Kidney 292
Urine Formation 292
Selective Reabsorption 293
Hormonal Control of Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion 295
Composition of Urine 296
Ureters 298
Urinary Bladder 299
Urethra 300
Micturition 301
Conclusion 302
Glossary 302
References 303
Further Reading 303
Activities 304
Conditions 305
12 The Respiratory System 307
Body Map 308
Introduction 308
Organisation of the Respiratory System 308
The Upper Respiratory Tract 308
The Lower Respiratory Tract 310
Blood Supply 316
Respiration 316
Pulmonary Ventilation 316
Work of Breathing 319
Volumes and Capacities 321
Control of Breathing 323
External Respiration 324
Ventilation and Perfusion 327
Transport of Gases 327
Acid–Base Balance 330
Internal Respiration 330
Conclusion 332
Glossary 332
References 334
Further Reading 335
Activities 335
Conditions 337
13 The Reproductive Systems 339
Body Map 340
Introduction 340
The Male Reproductive System 340
The Female Reproductive System 348
Conclusion 361
Glossary 361
References 363
Further Reading 363
Activities 364
Find Out More 365
Conditions 366
14 The Nervous System 367
Body Map 368
Introduction 368
Organisation of the Nervous System 368
Sensory Division of the Peripheral Nervous System 368
Central Nervous System 369
Motor Division of the Peripheral Nervous System 369
Neurotransmitters 374
Neuroglia 376
The Meninges 376
Cerebrospinal Fluid 377
The Brain 379
The Peripheral Nervous System 383
The Autonomic Nervous System 389
Conclusion 392
Glossary 393
References 394
Further Reading 394
Activities 395
Find Out More 396
Conditions 396
15 The Senses 399
Introduction 400
The Chemical Senses 400
The Senses of Equilibrium and Hearing 408
The Sense of Sight 419
Conclusion 428
Glossary 428
References 430
Further Reading 430
Activities 430
Conditions 432
16 The Endocrine System 433
Body Map 434
Introduction 434
The Endocrine Organs 435
Hormones 437
The Physiology of the Endocrine Organs 439
The Thyroid Gland 443
Glossary 456
References 457
Further Reading 458
Activities 458
Conditions 460
17 The Immune System 461
Body Map 462
Introduction 462
Blood Cell Development 462
Organs of the Immune System 463
The Lymphatic System 464
Lymphoid Tissue 469
Types of Immunity 469
The Innate Immune System 469
Blood Cells 470
The Acquired Immune System 477
Immunoglobulins (Antibodies) 480
Natural Killer Cells 484
Primary and Secondary Response to Infection 485
Hypersensitivity 487
Anaphylaxis 488
Immunisations 488
Conclusion 488
Glossary 489
References 490
Further Reading 491
Activities 491
Find Out More 493
Conditions 493
18 The Skin 495
Body Map 496
Introduction 496
The Structure of Skin 497
The Epidermis 498
Layers of the Epidermis 499
The Dermis 503
The Papillary and Reticular Aspects 503
The Accessory Skin Structures 504
The Functions of the Skin 508
Synthesis of Vitamin D 511
Conclusion 511
Glossary 511
References 512
Further Reading 513
Activities 513
Find Out More 515
Conditions 515
Normal Values 517
Answers 521
Index 529
