Preface | p. xiii |
Acknowledgments | p. xiv |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Brief history of meteorological sciences | p. 1 |
Brief history of air-pollution science | p. 5 |
The merging of air-pollution and meterorological sciences | p. 6 |
Weather, climate, and air pollution | p. 6 |
Scales of motion | p. 8 |
Atmospheric processes | p. 8 |
Atmospheric structure, composition, and thermodynamics | p. 12 |
Pressure, density, and composition | p. 12 |
Temperature structure | p. 18 |
Equation of state | p. 28 |
Changes of pressure with altitude | p. 34 |
Water in the atmosphere | p. 37 |
First law of thermodynamics | p. 47 |
Summary | p. 57 |
Problems | p. 58 |
Computer programming practice | p. 60 |
The continuity and thermodynamic energy equations | p. 61 |
Definitions | p. 61 |
Continuity equations | p. 65 |
Expanded continuity equations | p. 68 |
Thermodynamic energy equation | p. 78 |
Summary | p. 80 |
Problems | p. 80 |
Computer programming practice | p. 81 |
The momentum equation in Cartesian and spherical coordinates | p. 82 |
Horizontal coordinate systems | p. 82 |
Newton's second law of motion | p. 87 |
Applications of the momentum equation | p. 111 |
Summary | p. 135 |
Problems | p. 136 |
Computer programming practice | p. 137 |
Vertical-coordinate conversions | p. 138 |
Hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic models | p. 138 |
Altitude coordinate | p. 143 |
Pressure coordinate | p. 143 |
Sigma-pressure coordinate | p. 151 |
Sigma-altitude coordinate | p. 160 |
Summary | p. 167 |
Problems | p. 167 |
Computer programming practice | p. 168 |
Numerical solutions to partial differential equations | p. 169 |
Ordinary and partial differential equations | p. 169 |
Operator splitting | p. 170 |
Advection-diffusion equations | p. 171 |
Finite-difference approximations | p. 172 |
Series expansion methods | p. 192 |
Finite-volume methods | p. 199 |
Advection schemes used in air-quality models | p. 199 |
Summary | p. 202 |
Problems | p. 202 |
Computer programming practice | p. 203 |
Finite-differencing the equations of atmospheric dynamics | p. 204 |
Vertical model grid | p. 204 |
The continuity equation for air | p. 208 |
The species continuity equation | p. 211 |
The thermodynamic energy equation | p. 213 |
The horizontal momentum equations | p. 214 |
The hydrostatic equation | p. 221 |
Order of calculations | p. 222 |
Time-stepping schemes | p. 222 |
Summary | p. 224 |
Problems | p. 224 |
Computer programming practice | p. 225 |
Modeling project | p. 225 |
Boundary-layer and surface processes | p. 228 |
Turbulent fluxes of momentum, energy, and moisture | p. 228 |
Friction wind speed | p. 230 |
Surface roughness lengths | p. 231 |
Parameterizations of kinematic turbulent fluxes | p. 235 |
Eddy diffusion above the surface layer | p. 250 |
Ground surface temperature and soil moisture | p. 254 |
Summary | p. 271 |
Problems | p. 271 |
Computer programming practice | p. 272 |
Radiative energy transfer | p. 273 |
Energy transfer processes | p. 273 |
Electromagnetic spectrum | p. 275 |
Light processes | p. 283 |
Absorption and scattering by gases and particles | p. 290 |
Visibility | p. 313 |
Optical depth | p. 316 |
Solar zenith angle | p. 317 |
The radiative transfer equation | p. 320 |
Summary | p. 334 |
Problems | p. 334 |
Computer programming practice | p. 335 |
Gas-phase species, chemical reactions, and reaction rates | p. 336 |
Atmospheric gases and their molecular structures | p. 336 |
Chemical reactions and photoprocesses | p. 342 |
Reaction rates | p. 344 |
Reaction rate coefficients | p. 346 |
Sets of reactions | p. 351 |
Stiff systems | p. 353 |
Summary | p. 355 |
Problems | p. 355 |
Computer programming practice | p. 356 |
Urban, free-tropospheric, and stratospheric chemistry | p. 357 |
Free-tropospheric photochemistry | p. 357 |
Urban photochemistry | p. 375 |
Stratospheric photochemistry | p. 393 |
Summary | p. 415 |
Problems | p. 416 |
Computer programming practice | p. 417 |
Methods of solving chemical ordinary differential equations | p. 418 |
Characteristics of chemical ODEs | p. 418 |
Analytical solutions to ODEs | p. 421 |
Taylor series solution to ODEs | p. 421 |
Forward Euler solution to ODEs | p. 422 |
Backward Euler solution to ODEs | p. 424 |
Simple exponential and quasi-steady-state solutions to ODEs | p. 426 |
Multistep implicit-explicit (MIE) solution to ODEs | p. 427 |
Gear's solution to ODEs | p. 432 |
Family solution to ODEs | p. 439 |
Summary | p. 442 |
Problems | p. 442 |
Computer programming practice | p. 443 |
Modeling project | p. 444 |
Particle components, size distributions, and size structures | p. 446 |
Introduction to particles | p. 446 |
Aerosol, fog, and cloud composition | p. 447 |
Discrete size distributions | p. 449 |
Continuous size distributions | p. 454 |
Evolution of size distributions over time | p. 462 |
Summary | p. 467 |
Problems | p. 468 |
Computer programming practice | p. 468 |
Aerosol emission and nucleation | p. 470 |
Aerosol emission | p. 470 |
Nucleation | p. 484 |
Summary | p. 492 |
Problems | p. 493 |
Computer programming practice | p. 493 |
Coagulation | p. 494 |
Implicit coagulation | p. 494 |
Semiimplicit Coagulation | p. 496 |
Comparison with analytical solutions | p. 498 |
Coagulation among multiple particle distributions | p. 500 |
Particle flow regimes | p. 505 |
Coagulation kernel | p. 508 |
Summary | p. 522 |
Problems | p. 523 |
Computer programming practice | p. 523 |
Condensation, evaporation, deposition, and sublimation | p. 525 |
Fluxes to and from a single drop | p. 525 |
Corrections to growth parameters | p. 528 |
Fluxes to a particle with multiple components | p. 540 |
Fluxes to a population of particles | p. 540 |
Solutions to growth equations | p. 542 |
Solving homogeneous nucleation with condensation | p. 545 |
Effects of condensation on coagulation | p. 547 |
Ice crystal growth | p. 548 |
Summary | p. 550 |
Problems | p. 550 |
Computer programming practice | p. 551 |
Chemical equilibrium and dissolution processes | p. 553 |
Definitions | p. 553 |
Equilibrium reactions | p. 554 |
Equilibrium relation and coefficients | p. 558 |
Forms of equilibrium-coefficient equations | p. 562 |
Mean binary solute activity coefficients | p. 565 |
Temperature dependence of binary solute activity coefficients | p. 567 |
Mean mixed solute activity coefficients | p. 568 |
The water equation | p. 570 |
Solid formation and deliquescence relative humidity | p. 574 |
Example equilibrium problem | p. 575 |
Mass-flux iteration method | p. 577 |
Analytical equilibrium iteration method | p. 579 |
Equilibrium solver results | p. 582 |
Nonequilibrium between gases and particles | p. 583 |
Summary | p. 594 |
Problems | p. 596 |
Computer programming practice | p. 596 |
Cloud thermodynamics and dynamics | p. 598 |
Fog and cloud types and formation mechanisms | p. 598 |
Moist adiabatic and pseudoadiabatic processes | p. 602 |
Cloud development by free convection | p. 606 |
Entrainment | p. 608 |
Vertical momentum equation in a cloud | p. 610 |
Convective available potential energy | p. 612 |
Cumulus parameterizations | p. 612 |
Cloud microphysics | p. 614 |
Summary | p. 642 |
Problems | p. 643 |
Computer programming practice | p. 643 |
Irreversible aqueous chemistry | p. 645 |
Significance of aqueous chemical reactions | p. 645 |
Mechanisms of converting S(IV) to S(VI) | p. 646 |
Diffusion within a drop | p. 652 |
Solving growth and aqueous chemical ODEs | p. 654 |
Summary | p. 659 |
Problems | p. 659 |
Computer programming practice | p. 660 |
Sedimentation, dry deposition, and air-sea exchange | p. 661 |
Sedimentation | p. 661 |
Dry deposition | p. 665 |
Dry deposition and sedimentation calculations | p. 670 |
Air-sea flux of carbon dioxide and other gases | p. 672 |
Summary | p. 679 |
Problems | p. 679 |
Computer programming practice | p. 679 |
Model design, application, and testing | p. 681 |
Steps in model formulation | p. 681 |
Example model simulations | p. 700 |
Summary | p. 707 |
Problems | p. 707 |
Computer programming practice | p. 707 |
Conversions and constants | p. 709 |
Distance conversions | p. 709 |
Volume conversions | p. 709 |
Mass conversions | p. 709 |
Temperature conversions | p. 710 |
Force conversions | p. 710 |
Pressure conversions | p. 710 |
Energy conversions | p. 710 |
Power conversions | p. 710 |
Speed conversions | p. 710 |
Constants | p. 711 |
Tables | p. 714 |
Standard atmospheric variables versus altitude | p. 714 |
Solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere | p. 715 |
Chemical symbols and structures of gases | p. 716 |
Gas-phase reactions | p. 728 |
Chemicals involved in equilibrium and aqueous reactions | p. 738 |
Thermodynamic data | p. 740 |
Equilibrium reactions and rate coefficients | p. 741 |
Irreversible aqueous reactions | p. 743 |
Solute activity coefficient data | p. 746 |
Water activity data | p. 748 |
Surface resistance data | p. 749 |
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