Fundamentals of Medical Image Processing

By: Roger Bourne

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Paperback | 1 March 2009

At a Glance

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220 Pages

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23.39 x 15.6 x 1.17

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In general, image processing texts are intended for students of engineering and computer science, and there is little written at all on the specific requirements of medical image processing. Students of medical radiation science (Diagnostic radiography, Nuclear medicine, Radiation therapy) usually have minimal mathematical and computer science training and find the available texts incomprehensible. A text that explains the principles of image processing in minimally-mathematical language is needed for these students. Contrary to the claims of some textbook authors, the vast majority of technologists that process images do not need to understand the mathematics involved, but would nevertheless benefit from a thorough understanding of the general process.

Industry Reviews

"The purpose of this book is to help professionals without a very solid mathematical background to understand how medical images are formed, processed, and displayed. It explains all the processes without advanced mathematics and the reader gets an intuitive feel for all processes from signal production to its final display. This is harmonically enhanced through a wealth of illustrated examples.This is a very well written book, easy to read, and easy to follow. All of the material is backed up with up-todate useful literature for further reading. The reader is guided through an intuitive way to digital imaging in medicine without the need for advanced mathematics knowledge. This "tour" is advanced by numerous illustrated examples, which help the reader to advance his/her knowledge." (George C. Kagadis, PhD, in Med. Phys 37 (7))

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Non-Fiction Medicine Other Branches of Medicine Medical Imaging Radiology Clinical & Internal Medicine Neurology & Clinical Neurophysiology Ultrasonics Nuclear Medicine Pre-Clinical Medicine & Basic Sciences

Introduction	p. 1
What Is This Book Trying To Do?	p. 1
Chapter Outline	p. 2
Digital Images	p. 2
Medical Images	p. 3
The Spatial and Frequency Domains	p. 3
Image Quality	p. 3
Contrast Adjustment	p. 3
Image Filters	p. 4
Spatial Transformations	p. 4
Appendices	p. 4
Revision	p. 5
Practical Image Processing	p. 5
Images for Teaching	p. 5
Digital Images	p. 7
Introduction	p. 7
Defining a Digital Image	p. 8
Image Information	p. 11
Pixels	p. 11
Image Size, Scale, and Resolution	p. 12
Pixel Information	p. 12
Ways of Representing Numbers	p. 16
Data Accuracy	p. 17
Image Metadata	p. 18
Metadata Content	p. 18
Lookup Tables	p. 20
Image Storage	p. 22
Image File Formats	p. 22
Image Data Compression Methods	p. 25
Summary	p. 30
Medical Images	p. 31
Introduction	p. 31
The Energetics of Imaging	p. 32
Radio Frequencies	p. 33
Spatial and Temporal Resolution of Medical Images	p. 36
Medical Imaging Methods	p. 39
Magnetic Resonance	p. 39
Visible Light Imaging	p. 43
X-Ray Imaging	p. 44
Emission Imaging	p. 48
Portal Images	p. 51
Ultrasonography	p. 52
Summary	p. 54
The Spatial and Frequency Domains	p. 55
Introduction	p. 55
Images in the Spatial and Frequency Domains	p. 55
The Spatial Domain	p. 55
Common All-Garden Temporal Frequency	p. 56
The Concept of Spatial Frequency	p. 57
The Cosine and Hartley Transforms	p. 63
Fourier Transforms and Fourier Spectra	p. 64
1D Fourier Transforms	p. 64
2D Fourier Transforms	p. 66
Fourier Spectra	p. 66
The Zero Frequency or 'DC' Term	p. 69
Fourier Spectra of More Complex Images	p. 69
How Many Spatial Frequencies are Needed?	p. 77
Fourier Spectra of Lines	p. 78
The Complex Data Behind Fourier Spectra	p. 78
Two Practical Applications of Fourier Transforms	p. 83
How Does the Focal Spot of an X-Ray Tube Affect Image Resolution?	p. 83
Making Diagnostic Images from Raw MRI Data	p. 84
Summary	p. 85
Image Quality	p. 87
Introduction	p. 87
Contrast	p. 88
Simple Measures of Contrast	p. 89
Contrast and Spatial Frequency	p. 91
Optimizing Contrast	p. 91
Image Noise	p. 92
What Is Noise?	p. 92
Quantum Mottle	p. 93
Other Noises	p. 94
Signal to Noise Ratio	p. 97
Contrast + Noise	p. 99
Spatial Resolution	p. 100
Line Pairs	p. 100
The Modulation Transfer Function	p. 101
The Edge, Line, and Point Spread Functions	p. 104
Contrast + Noise + Resolution	p. 106
Summary	p. 106
Contrast Adjustment	p. 109
Introduction	p. 109
Human Visual Perception	p. 109
Histograms	p. 110
Manual Contrast Adjustment	p. 113
Contrast Stretching	p. 113
Window and Level	p. 118
Nonlinear Mapping Functions	p. 119
Automatic Contrast Adjustment	p. 119
Normalization	p. 119
Histogram Equalization	p. 121
Histogram Specification	p. 124
Region-Specific Contrast Adjustments	p. 125
Binary Contrast Enhancement - Thresholding	p. 126
Hardware Contrast	p. 129
Practical Example. Adjusting the Contrast of a Magnetic Resonance Microimage	p. 131
Summary	p. 134
Image Filters	p. 137
Introduction	p. 137
Frequency Domain Filters	p. 137
Ideal Filters	p. 137
Butterworth Filters	p. 140
Gaussian Filters	p. 142
Band Stop Filters	p. 144
Band pass Filters	p. 146
Directional Filters	p. 150
Spatial Domain Filters	p. 151
Smoothing and Blurring	p. 151
Gradients and Edges	p. 158
Spatial and Frequency Domain Properties of Convolution	p. 164
Convolution Versus Correlation	p. 165
Median Filters	p. 168
Adaptive Filters	p. 169
Summary	p. 171
Spatial Transformation	p. 173
Introduction	p. 173
Translation	p. 173
Rotation	p. 175
Interpolation	p. 177
Nearest-Neighbor	p. 177
Bilinear	p. 178
Bicubic	p. 178
Resizing Images	p. 180
Summary	p. 182
ImageJ	p. 185
General	p. 185
Installation of ImageJ	p. 186
Documentation	p. 186
Plugins	p. 187
Getting Started	p. 187
Basic Image Operations	p. 187
Installing Macro Plugins	p. 187
Further Reading	p. 188
A Note on Precision and Accuracy	p. 189
Complex Numbers	p. 191
What Is a Complex Number?	p. 191
Manipulating Complex Numbers	p. 191
Alternating Currents	p. 193
MRI	p. 194
Index	p. 197
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Fundamentals of Medical Image Processing

At a Glance

Paperback

Industry Reviews

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