Fundamentals of Radiation Chemistry

By: A. Mozumder

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Hardcover | 16 July 1999

At a Glance

Hardcover
392 Pages

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23.5 x 15.93 x 2.31

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This book describes the physical and chemical effects of radiation interaction with matter. Beginning with the physical basis for the absorption of charged particle radiations, Fundamentals of Radiation Chemistry provides a systematic account of the formation of products, including the nature and properties of intermediate species. Developed from first principles, the coverage of fundamentals and applications will appeal to an interdisciplinary audience of radiation physicists and radiation biologists. Only an undergraduate background in chemistry and physics is assumed as a prerequisite for the understanding of applications in research and industry.

Key Features
* Provides a working knowledge of radiation effects for students and non-experts
* Stresses the role of the electron both as a radiation and as a reactant species
* Contains clear diagrams of track models
* Includes a chapter on applications
* Written by an expert with more than thirty years of experience in a premiere research laboratory
* Culled from the author's painstaking research of journals and other publications over several decades

Industry Reviews

"Mozumder's book can be highly recommended to a large community of chemists, physicists, and biologists." --J.P. Adloff, Zeitschrift fur Physikalische Chemie 214/10

"Mozumder (Univ. of Notre Dame, Indiana) has written a resource for practitioners of radiation chemistry, which will serve them well since he is a recognized expert in this field. This is a book...providing insight as well as a compendium of references and sources of ongoing research." --CHOICE, May 2000

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Non-Fiction Science Chemistry Physical Chemistry Nuclear Chemistry Physics Applied Physics Chemical Physics Surface Chemistry & Adsorption Engineering & Technology Industrial Chemistry & Manufacturing Technologies Industrial Chemistry

Preface	p. xv
Introduction
Historical and Classical Radiation Studies	p. 1
Relevance of Radiation Chemistry to Basic and Applied Sciences	p. 3
Scope and Limitation	p. 4
References	p. 4
Interaction of Radiation with Matter: Energy Transfer from Fast Charged Particles
Particles and Radiations: Light and Heavy Particles	p. 5
Principal Considerations Related to Energy Transfer from Charged Particles	p. 6
Mechanism of Energy Transfer	p. 6
Behavior of Deposited Energy with Respect to Localization	p. 7
Time Scale of Events	p. 8
Theory of Stopping Power of Fast Charged Particles	p. 11
General Description of Degradation Processes	p. 11
Stopping Power and LET	p. 11
Bohr's Classical Theory	p. 12
The Bethe Theory	p. 15
Corrections to the Basic Stopping Power Formula	p. 17
Stopping Powers of Compounds and Mixtures	p. 18
Discussion of Stopping Power Theories	p. 19
Mean Excitation Potential	p. 19
Range and Straggling	p. 20
Phenomena at Low Velocities	p. 25
Heavy Particles: Charge Exchange and Nuclear Stopping	p. 25
Electrons: Conjectures Regarding Energy Loss of Slow Electrons	p. 26
Phase Effect on Electron Stopping	p. 32
Miscellaneous Considerations	p. 34
Thin Absorbers	p. 34
Generic Effects	p. 35
Cerenkov Radiation	p. 36
Plasmon Excitation	p. 36
References	p. 37
Structure of Charged Particle Tracks in Condensed Media
Stopping Power in Water for Various Charged Particles	p. 41
The Electron	p. 41
The Muon	p. 43
The Proton	p. 44
The Carbon Nucleus	p. 45
Fission Fragments	p. 46
Fate of Deposited Energy: Ionization, Dissociation, Transfer, and Luminescence	p. 47
Distribution of Energy on a Molecular Time Scale	p. 50
Charged Particle Tracks in Liquids	p. 50
General Description	p. 50
Phenomena Requiring a Track Model	p. 51
Track Effects in Radiation Chemistry	p. 52
Structure of Tracks	p. 52
Low LET	p. 53
Intermediate LET	p. 56
High LET	p. 59
Two Special Cases	p. 66
References	p. 67
Ionization and Excitation Phenomena
General Features	p. 71
Ionization and Appearance Potentials	p. 71
Primary and Secondary Ions	p. 74
Nature of Excited States	p. 76
Ionization Efficiency: Superexcited States	p. 77
Mechanisms of Excited State Formation	p. 78
Light Absorption	p. 79
Direct Excitation by Charged-Particle Impact	p. 80
Ion Neutralization	p. 82
Dissociation from Ionized or Superexcited States	p. 83
Energy Transfer	p. 83
Resonance Energy Transfer	p. 84
Collisional Energy Transfer	p. 86
Decay of Excited States	p. 87
Internal Conversion and Intersystem Crossing	p. 88
Unimolecular and Bimolecular Chemical Processes	p. 89
Water	p. 90
Carbon Dioxide	p. 90
Ammonia	p. 90
Hydrocarbons	p. 90
Luminescence	p. 91
Impact Ionization and Photoionization	p. 93
Photoionization and Photodetachment	p. 99
Oscillator Strength and Sum Rules	p. 101
The W Value	p. 104
Some Special Considerations	p. 109
Condensed Phase Effects	p. 109
Yields of Excited States in the Radiolysis of liquids	p. 111
Excess Energy in Ionization	p. 114
The Auger Effect and K-Processes	p. 114
Ionization and Excitation Distribution in Spurs	p. 114
References	p. 116
Radiation Chemistry of Gases
Mechanisms of Reactions in the Gas Phase	p. 122
Ion-Molecule Reactions	p. 122
Hydride Transfer Reaction	p. 123
H[subscript 2]-Transfer Reactions	p. 123
H Transfer Reactions	p. 124
H[subscript 2] Transfer Reactions	p. 124
Proton Transfer Reactions	p. 124
Condensation Reactions	p. 125
Fragmentation	p. 125
Dissociation of Excited Molecules	p. 126
Neutralization	p. 127
Chain Reactions	p. 128
Radiolysis of Some Common Gases and Mixtures	p. 129
Diatomic Gases and Mixtures	p. 129
Hydrogen	p. 129
Nitrogen	p. 129
Oxygen	p. 130
Carbon Monoxide	p. 131
Hydrogen-Chlorine Mixture	p. 131
Polyatomic Gases	p. 131
Water Vapor	p. 131
Carbon Dioxide	p. 133
Ammonia	p. 133
Methane	p. 133
Ethane	p. 134
Ethylene	p. 135
Acetylene	p. 136
Some Theoretical Considerations	p. 136
The Quasi-equilibrium Theory (QET)	p. 136
Ion-Molecule Reaction	p. 138
References	p. 142
The Solvated Electron
Background	p. 145
The Hydrated Electron	p. 147
Methods of Formation of the Hydrated Electron	p. 147
Chemical Methods	p. 148
Photochemical Method	p. 150
Radiation-Chemical Method	p. 151
Yield	p. 152
The Effect of pH	p. 154
The Effect of Temperature	p. 155
The Effect of Pressure	p. 156
The LET Effect	p. 156
The Time Dependence of the Hydrated Electron Yield	p. 156
The Spectrum and Other Physical Properties	p. 158
The Solvated Electron in Alcohols and Other Polar Liquids	p. 159
Trapped and Solvated Electrons at Low Temperatures	p. 163
Theoretical Models of the Solvated Electron	p. 166
Energetic and Configurational Stability	p. 173
Coordination Number	p. 174
Heat of Solution	p. 174
Optical Absorption	p. 174
Mobility	p. 175
Threshold of Photoionization into a Vacuum	p. 175
Reactions of the Solvated Electron	p. 178
Reactions of the Hydrated Electron	p. 178
Reactions with Water and Products of Water Radiolysis	p. 178
Reactions with Inorganic Compounds and Ions	p. 183
Reactions with Organic Compounds	p. 185
Reactions of Other Solvated Electrons	p. 186
Some Theoretical Features of Reactions of Solvated Electrons	p. 187
References	p. 192
Spur Theory of Radiation Chemical Yields: Diffusion and Stochastic Models
Early Studies	p. 199
The Samuel-Magee Model	p. 200
The Ganguly-Magee Model	p. 204
Other One-Radical Models and Limitations	p. 207
Multiradical Diffusion Models	p. 209
Kuppermann's Model	p. 210
Schwarz's Model	p. 212
Reconciliation of Apparent Contradictions in the Diffusion Model for Water Radiolysis According to Schwarz	p. 216
Evolution of the Yield of the Hydrated Electron	p. 217
Other Diffusion Models	p. 218
Stochastic Kinetics	p. 219
Monte Carlo (MC) Simulation	p. 220
The Master Equation (ME) Approach	p. 221
The Independent Reaction Time Model	p. 222
Reactive Products	p. 223
Results	p. 224
Other Stochastic Models	p. 224
Comparison with Experiment: The Case of Water Radiolysis	p. 226
Kinetics of Electron-Ion Recombination in Irradiated Dielectric Liquids	p. 229
General Considerations: The Geminate Pair	p. 229
Laplace Transformation and Scavenging	p. 230
Evaluation of Diffusion Models	p. 232
Prescribed Diffusion Treatment	p. 232
The Eigenvalue Method	p. 234
The Hong-Noolandi Treatment	p. 236
Stochastic Treatments	p. 238
References	p. 243
Electron Thermalization and Related Phenomena
Degradation Mechanisms of Subexcitation and Subvibrational Electrons	p. 248
Electron Thermalization in the Gas Phase	p. 250
Review of Relevant Experiments	p. 250
Theoretical Methods	p. 253
Electron Thermalization in the Condensed Phase	p. 263
Thermalization Distance Distribution in Liquid Hydrocarbons	p. 263
Electron Thermalization in Polar Media	p. 271
Electron Thermalization in High-Mobility Liquids	p. 274
The Fokker-Planck Approach to Thermalization	p. 275
Electron Thermalization in Liquefied Rare Gases	p. 278
References	p. 282
Electron Escape: The Free-Ion Yield
Summary of Experimental Results at Low LET	p. 286
Onsager's Theory of Geminate-Ion Recombination	p. 291
Stationary Case: Simplified Treatment	p. 292
Kinetics	p. 295
Case of Multiple Ion-Pairs	p. 297
Dependence of Free-Ion Yield on Molecular Structure and Mobility	p. 303
Dependence of Free-Ion Yield on External Field	p. 305
Free-Ion Yield in Liquefied Rare Gases	p. 309
Polar Media	p. 312
References	p. 314
Electron Mobility in Liquid Hydrocarbons
Summary of Experiments on Electron Mobility	p. 318
Temperature Dependence	p. 322
Dependence on Molecular Structure	p. 323
Drift and Hall Mobilities	p. 324
Field Dependence of Mobility	p. 326
Theoretical Models of Electron Transport	p. 331
Hopping Models	p. 336
Two-State Models	p. 338
The Quasi-ballistic Model	p. 340
Thermodynamics of Electron Trapping and Electron Solvation in Liquid Hydrocarbons	p. 347
Thermodynamics of Electron Trapping and Solvation in the Quasi-ballistic Model	p. 351
References	p. 357
Radiation Chemical Applications in Science and Industry
Dosimetry	p. 363
Chemical Dosimeters	p. 364
The Fricke Dosimeter	p. 365
Other Addition Reactions	p. 371
Industrial Synthesis and Processing	p. 366
Addition Reactions	p. 368
Alkylation	p. 368
Halogenation	p. 369
Oxidation, Sulfoxidation, and Sulfochlorination	p. 370
Other Addition Reactions	p. 371
Substitution Reactions	p. 371
Other Reactions	p. 372
Sterilization of Medical Equipment and Disposables	p. 373
Waste Treatment by Irradiation	p. 374
Treatment of Flue Gas	p. 376
Waste Water Treatment	p. 377
Food Irradiation	p. 378
Radiation Chemistry of Food Components	p. 380
Carbohydrates	p. 381
Proteins	p. 381
Fats	p. 381
Vitamins	p. 382
Identification of Irradiated Food	p. 382
Clearance and Wholesomeness of Irradiated Food	p. 382
Other Use of Low-LET Radiation	p. 383
Grafting	p. 383
Curing	p. 383
Low Energy Ion Implantation	p. 384
References	p. 387
Index	p. 389
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

Fundamentals of Radiation Chemistry

At a Glance

Hardcover

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