Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
1 Prolegomenon: A Geoengineering Primer 1
Martin Beech
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The Paris Agreement 2
1.3 Tipping Points -- Where Are We? 4
1.4 The Size of the Problem 5
1.5 Geoengineering -- Where, When, and How? 6
1.6 Moving Forward 18
1.7 The Role of Industry 20
1.8 What Now? 24
2 Two Generations of Ethical Debate on Geoengineering 31
Augustine Pamplany
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 Ambiguities in Defining Geoengineering 32
2.3 Geoengineering Technological Schemes 33
2.4 History of Geoengineering 34
2.5 Two Generations of Ethical Debate 37
2.6 Research Priorities Towards Maturing Debate 43
2.7 Conclusion 46
3 Risky Business: Complex Risks of Solar Geoengineering 51
Aaron Tang
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Framework for Risk Assessment 52
3.3 Understanding the Dangers of Solar Geoengineering 53
3.4 Complexities of Risk Comparison 56
3.5 Best of a Bad Bunch 57
3.6 Slippery Slopes 58
3.7 Conclusion 60
4 Climate Justice and the Dangers of Solar Geoengineering 65
Jennie C. Stephens
4.1 Prioritizing Transformative Climate Justice 65
4.2 Solar Geoengineering: Illustrating the Dangers of Climate Isolationism 66
4.3 The Injustices of Advancing Solar Geoengineering 67
4.4 Climate Justice Resistance to Solar Geoengineering 68
4.5 Conclusions 69
5 Solar Geoengineering: An Insoluble Problem? 73
Patrick Moriarty and Damon Honnery
5.1 Introduction 74
5.2 The Many Forms of Solar Geoengineering 76
5.3 Controversies about SG Methods 78
5.4 Argument: Why SG is Needed 79
5.5 Argument: The Case Against SG 81
5.6 The Comparative Economics of SG 82
5.7 Discussion and Conclusions 84
5.8 Research Priorities 85
6 Potential Mental Health Risks Associated with Stratospheric Aerosol Injection Methods Using Aluminum Oxide 91
Giovanni Ghirga
6.1 Introduction 91
6.2 Methods 92
6.3 Results 92
6.4 Conclusions 94
7 What to Consider When Considering Solar Geoengineering 97
Burgess Langshaw Power
7.1 Introduction 97
7.2 The Options 99
7.3 Geography 101
7.4 Climate Action 102
7.5 Public Participation 106
7.6 Geopolitics 107
7.6.1 Canada and the World 107
7.7 Conclusion 108
8 Moral Hazard of Geoengineering to Decarbonization 117
Soheil Shayegh
8.1 Introduction 117
8.2 Modeling Decarbonization and Climate Change Impacts 118
8.3 Moral Hazard 121
8.4 Discussion 123
8.5 Conclusion 123
9 The Preeminent Question of Environmental Philosophy: Where Should We Set the Envirostat? 125
Mark Walker
9.1 Introduction 125
9.2 Geoengineering and the Envirostat 126
9.3 Animals’ Interests 126
9.4 World Park 127
9.5 Animal UN 127
9.6 Justice and Possible Animals 130
9.7 The Current Solar Geoengineering Debate 131
9.8 The Preeminent Question of Environmental Philosophy 136
10 Climate Hegemony and Control Over the Global Thermostat 141
John Hickman
10.1 Introduction 141
10.2 Collective Action Problem 142
10.3 Hegemonic Stability Theory 145
10.4 Auction Theory 147
10.5 Conclusion 148
11 Designing A Priori Scenarios for Stratospheric Aerosol Injections to Mitigate Climate Change: An Optimal Control Technique Application 151
Sergei Soldatenko
11.1 Introduction 151
11.2 Statement of the Optimal Control Problem 153
11.3 Designing Optimal SAI Scenarios: Problem Formulation 157
11.4 Solution of the Optimal Control Problem 161
11.5 Results and Discussion 163
12 Testing the Limits of the World’s Largest Control Task: Solar Geoengineering as a Deep Reinforcement Learning Problem 171
Eshaan Agrawal and Christian Schroeder de Witt
12.1 Introduction 174
12.2 Solar Geoengineering as a High-Dimensional Control Problem 177
12.3 A Fast GCM Environment: Introducing HadCM3 182
12.4 Building a GCM Emulator 187
12.5 Geoengineering in the Mesosphere: A Research Agenda 190
12.6 Closing the Reality Gap 194
12.7 Conclusions and Outlook 196
13 Geochemical Drivers of Enhanced Rock Weathering in Soils 207
Xavier Dupla, Susan L. Brantley, Carlos Paulo, Benjamin Moller, Ian M. Power and Stephanie Grand
13.1 Introduction 207
13.2 Fundamental Geochemical Considerations 210
13.3 What do ERW Experiments Teach us and Where from Here? 218
13.4 Conclusion 221
14 Geoengineering Cities with Reflective and Pervious Surfaces 231
Sushobhan Sen
14.1 Introduction 231
14.2 Physics of UHI 234
14.3 Mitigation of UHI 239
14.4 Research Priorities 241
14.5 Conclusion 242
15 Urban Geoengineering 247
Giles Thomson, Jonathan Fink and Peter Newman
15.1 Introduction 247
15.2 Background 249
15.3 Cities, Sustainability and Decarbonization 251
15.4 Global Trends in Decarbonization 254
15.5 Achieving Net Zero and the SDGs with Urban Geoengineering 256
15.6 Urban Geoengineering Interventions 257
15.7 Governance for Urban Geoengineering 258
15.8 Concluding Comments and Future Research 260
16 Cooling Down the World Oceans and the Earth 265
Julian David Hunt, Andreas Nascimento, Fabio A. Diuana, Natalia de Assis Brasil Weber, Gabriel Malta Castro, Ana Carolina Chaves, Andre Luiz Amarante Mesquita, Angeli Viviani Colling and Paulo Smith Schneider
16.1 Introduction 265
16.2 Methodology 269
16.3 Results 278
16.4 Discussion 280
16.5 Conclusion 282
17 Ice Preservation: A Research Priority for Climate Resilience and Sustainability -- Experience in the Field 287
Leslie Field
17.1 A Personal Introduction 287
17.2 How Bad is the Climate Situation? 288
17.3 Ice Preservation -- A Research Priority for Climate Resilience 290
17.4 Now is the Time to Preserve Bright Ice 291
17.5 Minnesota Pond Work 293
17.6 Iceland Glacial Test, August 2023 294
17.7 Our Work at Bright Ice Initiative 295
18 Cirrus Cloud Thinning 297
David L. Mitchell and Ehsan Erfani
18.1 Clouds, Radiation, and the Physics of Cirrus Cloud Thinning 297
18.2 Past and Present CCT Research 299
18.3 Suggestions for Improving the Treatment of CCT in Climate Models 301
18.4 Possible Relation to Midlatitude Extreme Winter Weather 302
19 Can the COVID-19 Decrease in Aircraft Flights Inform us of Whether the Addition of Efficient INP to Cirrus Altitudes Cools the Climate? 307
Joyce E. Penner, Jialei Zhu and Anne Garnier
19.1 Introduction 307
19.2 The Relative Importance of Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Nucleation 309
19.3 Model Description 310
19.4 Evaluation of Model Aerosols and Ice Concentrations 313
19.5 Discussion: What Does This Mean for Cirrus Seeding? 324
19.6 Conclusion 325
20 Biogenic Iron Oxides as a Source of Iron for Ocean Iron Fertilization 331
David Emerson, Sarabeth George, Amy Doiron and Benjamin S. Twining
20.1 Introduction 331
20.2 Biogenic Iron 333
20.3 Production of BIOX 337
20.4 Additional Aspects of OIF 339
20.5 Social Considerations 341
20.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 343
21 Space Bubbles: The Deflection of Solar Radiation Using Thin-Film Inflatable Bubble Rafts 349
Nikita Klimenko, Umberto Fugiglando and Carlo Ratti
21.1 Introduction 349
21.2 A Bubble Sunshade 351
21.3 Future Developments 353
22 Optimal Sunshield Positioning 357
Christer Fuglesang
22.1 Introduction 357
22.2 Sunshade Area 358
22.3 Sunshade Position 359
22.4 Optical Properties 361
22.5 Getting to the First Lagrange Point L1´ 363
23 Could the Well of an Orbital Lift Be Used to Deposit Greenhouse Gases into Space? 367
Orfeu Bertolami
23.1 Introduction 367
23.2 Basic Features of the Proposed System 369
23.3 Discussion and Outlook 372
24 Ionospheric Perturbations from Satellite Dust 377
Sierra Solter
24.1 Introduction 378
24.2 Model Considerations 379
24.3 Conclusion 384
25 Geoengineering and Beyond -- Planetary Defense, Space Debris, and SETI 387
Martin Beech
25.1 Introduction 387
25.2 Earth in the Firing Zone 388
25.3 Impactor Populations 390
25.4 Impact Probabilities 391
25.5 The Day the Climate Changed 394
25.6 Lead Times 397
25.7 Impact Risk 400
25.8 Planetary Defense 401
25.9 Signs of Life and Technosignatures 404
25.10 Space Debris 408
25.11 What Next? -- Research Priorities 411
26 Future Imperative and the Inevitable Technofix 415
Martin Beech
26.1 Introduction 415
26.2 The Aging Sun 418
26.3 The Faint Young Sun Paradox 423
26.4 Lifetime of the Biosphere 425
26.5 Actions 427
26.6 Albedo Modification 428
26.7 Sunshades 431
26.8 Orbit Change 433
26.9 Far-Out Methods 436
26.10 Terraforming 438
26.11 Engineering the Sun 439
26.12 Pastures New 440
26.13 Conclusions 440
References 441
Index 445