Preface | p. x |
Introduction | p. xi |
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations | p. xviii |
Reasons to Use a Heat Pump | p. 1 |
Environmental benefits | p. 1 |
Our environment is in danger | p. 1 |
Tracking down the culprit | p. 2 |
Heat pumps offer emission-free operation on-site | p. 2 |
Operating costs | p. 4 |
Independence | p. 5 |
Comfort | p. 6 |
Security for the future | p. 6 |
Non-flammability | p. 8 |
Responsibility for the future | p. 8 |
Ideal for low energy houses | p. 8 |
Retrofit | p. 8 |
Multiple functions | p. 9 |
Public promotion | p. 9 |
Energy politics/laws | p. 9 |
Theory of the Heat Pump | p. 11 |
The principle | p. 11 |
The refrigeration cycle | p. 12 |
Coefficient of performance | p. 12 |
Carnot Cycle | p. 13 |
Working fluid/refrigerant | p. 15 |
Enthalpy-pressure diagram | p. 16 |
Heat pump cycle with injection cooling | p. 17 |
Heat Pump Types | p. 18 |
Brine/water, water/water heat pump | p. 18 |
Refrigeration cycle | p. 18 |
Refrigerant | p. 19 |
Electrical components and controller | p. 20 |
Safety measures | p. 20 |
Display | p. 20 |
Direct expansion/water heat pump | p. 21 |
Refrigeration cycle | p. 22 |
Refrigerant | p. 22 |
Electrical components and controller | p. 23 |
Safety measures | p. 23 |
Display | p. 23 |
Direct expansion/direct condensation heat pump | p. 23 |
Air/water heat pump - split units | p. 24 |
Refrigeration components - indoor unit | p. 24 |
Refrigeration components - outdoor unit | p. 24 |
Refrigerant | p. 25 |
Electrical components and controller | p. 25 |
Safety measures | p. 25 |
Display | p. 25 |
Air/water heat pump - compact units, indoor installation | p. 26 |
Refrigeration cycle | p. 26 |
Refrigerant | p. 26 |
Electrical components and controller | p. 27 |
Safety measures | p. 27 |
Display | p. 27 |
Air/water heat pump - compact units, outdoor installation | p. 27 |
Domestic hot water/heat pumps - air source, split units | p. 28 |
Refrigeration cycle | p. 28 |
Refrigerant | p. 29 |
Electrical components | p. 30 |
Domestic hot water heat pump - air source, split units | p. 30 |
Ground/water heat pump - domestic hot water heat pump - air source, split units | p. 32 |
Air/air heat pump - ventilation | p. 33 |
Exhaust-air heat pumps, additional design | p. 33 |
Heat pumps for air heating/cooling | p. 33 |
Complete System Planning | p. 35 |
Planning a heat pump heating system | p. 35 |
Heat source selection | p. 36 |
Heating system selection | p. 36 |
Heat pump selection | p. 37 |
Determination of heating demand | p. 37 |
Utility interruptible rates | p. 38 |
Domestic hot water heating | p. 39 |
Operation configurations | p. 39 |
Heat pump selection | p. 41 |
Retrofit/renovation | p. 44 |
Planning Instructions for Ground Heat Source - Brine Systems (Horizontal Collector, Trench, Vertical Loop) | p. 46 |
Ground heat source | p. 46 |
System description | p. 46 |
Ground conditions | p. 46 |
Layout and installation of ground collector | p. 47 |
Horizontal collector installations | p. 47 |
Trench collector/spiral collector | p. 49 |
Vertical loop | p. 49 |
Connection | p. 52 |
Collection vault | p. 52 |
Safety clearance | p. 53 |
Building penetrations | p. 53 |
Brine circulation loop | p. 53 |
Commissioning | p. 56 |
CO[subscript 2] loop | p. 57 |
Planning Instructions for Ground Heat Source - Direct Expansion Systems | p. 58 |
Ground heat source | p. 58 |
Ground conditions | p. 59 |
Layout and installation of collector | p. 59 |
Horizontal loop installations | p. 59 |
Connection | p. 61 |
Collection vault | p. 61 |
Safety clearance | p. 61 |
Building penetration | p. 62 |
Commissioning | p. 62 |
Planning Instructions for Water Heat Source Systems | p. 63 |
Water heat source | p. 63 |
Ground and well conditions | p. 64 |
Design | p. 64 |
Connection | p. 66 |
Components/filter | p. 66 |
Building penetrations | p. 66 |
Commissioning | p. 66 |
Planning Details for Air Heat Source Systems | p. 69 |
Air heat source | p. 69 |
Design | p. 70 |
Split-system | p. 70 |
Compact systems - indoor set-up | p. 72 |
Compact systems - outdoor set-up | p. 73 |
Operation configuration | p. 75 |
Monovalent systems | p. 75 |
Bivalent-parallel | p. 76 |
Bivalent-alternate | p. 77 |
Commissioning | p. 77 |
Planning Instructions - Heating Systems | p. 78 |
Heating circulation loop control | p. 78 |
Hydraulic separation | p. 78 |
Buffer storage tank | p. 80 |
Circulation pump | p. 80 |
Connection group | p. 81 |
Heating/cooling distribution system | p. 81 |
Radiant floor heating | p. 82 |
Heating capacity and self-controlling effect | p. 84 |
Radiant wall heating | p. 86 |
Radiators | p. 87 |
Domestic hot water production | p. 87 |
Heating and Cooling - Reversible Heat Pump | p. 90 |
Response to climate change | p. 90 |
Technical requirements for buildings | p. 90 |
Planning for active cooling | p. 91 |
Sizing of ground collectors and vertical loops | p. 92 |
Cooling distribution system: radiant/surface cooling | p. 93 |
Refrigeration circuit for active cooling | p. 93 |
Control | p. 94 |
Economics | p. 94 |
Solar cooling | p. 95 |
Groundwater heat source | p. 95 |
Operating range | p. 95 |
Control of Heat Pump Heating Systems - Electrical Connections | p. 96 |
Controller and control system | p. 96 |
Heat pump control | p. 96 |
Additional functions of heat pump control | p. 97 |
Hydraulic schematics | p. 97 |
Single room control/zone control | p. 97 |
Other systems | p. 98 |
Electrical connections | p. 98 |
Domestic Hot Water Production | p. 100 |
General instructions for domestic hot water | p. 100 |
Why not with the heating loop? | p. 100 |
Domestic hot water system comparison | p. 100 |
Separation of domestic hot water from the heating system | p. 103 |
Information for planning and operation of a domestic hot water system | p. 104 |
Installation instructions | p. 104 |
Hot water demand- guidelines | p. 104 |
DVGW - worksheet W551 | p. 104 |
Additional optional functions of hot water heat pumps | p. 105 |
Additional cooling benefit | p. 106 |
Additional basement dehumidifying benefit | p. 106 |
Additional distilled water benefit | p. 106 |
Additional ventilation benefit | p. 107 |
Installation | p. 108 |
Water connections | p. 109 |
Water connections | p. 109 |
Air connections | p. 109 |
Air ducts | p. 109 |
Condensate water drain | p. 109 |
Ground collector connection | p. 109 |
Heating heat exchanger | p. 109 |
Controlled Dwelling Ventilation | p. 111 |
Why ventilate? | p. 111 |
Why controlled dwelling ventilation? | p. 112 |
Types of controlled dwelling ventilation | p. 113 |
Comprehensive living climate | p. 114 |
Combined units for heating, hot water preparation and ventilation | p. 115 |
Specialized Installations | p. 116 |
Renovations | p. 116 |
Low energy/passive house | p. 117 |
Swimming pool heating | p. 119 |
Livestock stable heat pump | p. 119 |
Absorber | p. 120 |
Heat pumps for industrial applications | p. 120 |
Industrial waste heat use/indirect water source | p. 122 |
CO[subscript 2]-heat pipes | p. 123 |
Appendices | p. 126 |
Hydraulic schematics | p. 126 |
Investment/operation costs (1/2007) | p. 133 |
Units, symbols and conversion | p. 141 |
List of Figures and Sources | |
List of Tables and Sources | |
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