About the Author | p. vii |
Preface | p. ix |
Basic Ideas of General Relativity | p. 1 |
Inadequacy of Special Relativity | p. 1 |
Einstein's Principle of Equivalence | p. 3 |
Immediate Consequences of the Principle of Equivalence | p. 7 |
The Bending of a Light Beam | p. 7 |
Gravitational Shift of Spectral Lines (Gravitational Redshift) | p. 8 |
The Curved Space-Time Concept | p. 8 |
The Principle of General Covariance | p. 12 |
Distance and Time Intervals | p. 13 |
Problems | p. 15 |
References | p. 17 |
Curvilinear Coordinates and General Tensors | p. 19 |
Curvilinear Coordinates | p. 19 |
Parallel Displacement and Covariant Differentiation | p. 23 |
Symmetry Properties of the Christoffel Symbols | p. 27 |
Christoffel Symbols and the Metric Tensor | p. 28 |
Geodesics | p. 29 |
The Stationary Property of Geodesics | p. 30 |
The Curvature Tensor | p. 32 |
The Condition for Flat Space | p. 36 |
Geodesic Deviation | p. 37 |
Laws of Physics in Curved Spaces | p. 38 |
The Metric Tensor and the Classical Gravitational Potential | p. 39 |
Some Useful Calculation Tools | p. 40 |
Problems | p. 43 |
References | p. 44 |
Einstein's Law of Gravitation | p. 45 |
Introduction (Summary of General Principles) | p. 45 |
A Heuristic Derivation of Einstein's Equations | p. 46 |
Vacuum Field Equations | p. 46 |
Field Equations Where Matter is Present in Space | p. 48 |
Energy-Momentum Tensor | p. 51 |
Gravitational Radiation | p. 52 |
Problems | p. 54 |
References | p. 54 |
The Schwarzschild Solution | p. 55 |
The Schwarzschild Metric | p. 55 |
The Schwarzschild Solution of the Vacuum Field Equations | p. 56 |
Schwarzschild Geodesics | p. 60 |
Quasiuniform Gravitational Field | p. 62 |
Problems | p. 63 |
References | p. 63 |
Experimental Tests of Einstein's Theory | p. 65 |
Precession of the Perihelion of Mercury | p. 65 |
Deflection of Light Rays in a Gravitational Field | p. 71 |
Light Retardation (The Shapiro Experiment) | p. 75 |
Test of Gravitational Radiation (Hulse-Taylor's Measurement of the Orbital Decay of the Binary Pulsar PSR-1913+16) | p. 77 |
Problems | p. 79 |
References | p. 79 |
The Physics of Black Holes | p. 81 |
The Schwarzschild Black Hole | p. 81 |
Inside a Black Hole | p. 84 |
How a Black Hole May Form | p. 86 |
The Kerr-Newman Black Hole | p. 89 |
Energy Extraction from a Rotating Black Hole: The Penrose Process | p. 92 |
The Area Theorem | p. 93 |
Energy Extraction from Two Coalescing Black Holes | p. 94 |
Thermodynamics of Black Holes | p. 95 |
Quantum Mechanics of Black Holes: Hawking Radiation | p. 97 |
The Detection of Black Holes | p. 101 |
Detection of Stellar-Mass Black Holes | p. 101 |
Supermassive Black Holes in the Centers of Galaxies | p. 104 |
Intermediate-Mass Black Holes | p. 106 |
How Do Electrical and Gravitational Fields Get Out of Black Holes? | p. 106 |
Black Holes and Particle Physics | p. 107 |
Problems | p. 108 |
References | p. 109 |
Introduction to Cosmology | p. 111 |
Introduction | p. 111 |
The Development of Western Cosmological Concepts | p. 112 |
Ancient Greece | p. 112 |
The Renaissance of Cosmology | p. 113 |
Newton and the Infinite Universe | p. 114 |
Newton's Law of Gravity and a Nonstationary Universe | p. 115 |
Olbers' Paradox | p. 118 |
The Discovery of the Expansion of the Universe | p. 119 |
The Big Bang | p. 123 |
The Microwave Background Radiation | p. 124 |
Additional Evidence for the Big Bang | p. 128 |
Problems | p. 130 |
References | p. 131 |
Big Bang Models | p. 133 |
The Cosmic Fluid and Fundamental Observers | p. 133 |
Properties of the Robertson-Walker Metric | p. 135 |
Cosmic Dynamics and Friedmann's Equations | p. 139 |
The Solutions of Friedmann's Equations | p. 142 |
Flat Model (k = 0) | p. 143 |
Closed Model (k = 1) | p. 144 |
Open Model (k = -1) | p. 146 |
Dark Matter and the Fate of the Universe | p. 148 |
The Beginning, the End, and Time's Arrow | p. 152 |
An Accelerating Universe? | p. 156 |
The Cosmological Constant | p. 158 |
Problems | p. 161 |
References | p. 161 |
Particles, Forces, and Unification of Forces | p. 163 |
Particles | p. 163 |
Spin | p. 163 |
Fermions | p. 164 |
Bosons | p. 165 |
Hadrons and Leptons | p. 165 |
Quarks | p. 167 |
Quark Colors | p. 168 |
Quark Confinement | p. 169 |
Fundamental Interactions and Conservation Laws | p. 171 |
Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking | p. 177 |
Unification of Forces (Interactions) | p. 180 |
The Negative Vacuum Pressure | p. 184 |
References | p. 186 |
The Inflationary Universe | p. 187 |
The Flatness Problem | p. 187 |
The Horizon Problem | p. 188 |
Alan Guth's Inflationary Theory | p. 191 |
The Successes of Guth's Inflationary Theory | p. 195 |
The Horizon Problem Resolved | p. 195 |
The Flatness Problem Resolved | p. 196 |
Problems with Guth's Theory and the New Inflationary Theory | p. 197 |
Problems | p. 199 |
References | p. 199 |
The Physics of the Very Early Universe | p. 201 |
Introduction | p. 201 |
Cosmic Background Radiation | p. 202 |
Conservation of Photon Numbers | p. 206 |
The Transition Temperature T[subscript t] | p. 207 |
The Photon-to-Baryon Ratio | p. 207 |
The Creation of Matter and Photons | p. 208 |
A Brief History of the Early Universe | p. 211 |
The Planck Epoch | p. 211 |
The GUTs Era | p. 213 |
The Inflationary Era | p. 213 |
The Hadron Era | p. 214 |
The Lepton Era | p. 215 |
The Nuclear Era | p. 216 |
The Mystery of Antimatter | p. 218 |
The Dark Matter Problem | p. 221 |
The Primordial Magnetic Fields | p. 227 |
Problems | p. 228 |
References | p. 229 |
Classical Mechanics | p. 231 |
Newtonian Mechanics | p. 231 |
The Three Laws of Motion | p. 231 |
The Galilean Transformation | p. 233 |
Newtonian Relativity and Newton's Absolute Space | p. 233 |
Newton's Law of Gravity | p. 235 |
Gravitational Mass and Inertial Mass | p. 237 |
Gravitational Field and Gravitational Potential | p. 238 |
Gravitational Field Equations | p. 239 |
Lagrangian Mechanics | p. 240 |
Hamilton's Principle | p. 240 |
Lagrange's Equations of Motion | p. 242 |
Problems | p. 243 |
References | p. 244 |
The Special Theory of Relativity | p. 245 |
The Origins of Special Relativity | p. 245 |
The Michelson-Morley Experiment | p. 246 |
The Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity | p. 249 |
The Lorentz Transformations | p. 251 |
Relativity of Simultaneity and Causality | p. 253 |
Time Dilation and Relativity of Co-locality | p. 254 |
Length contraction | p. 255 |
Velocity Transformation | p. 257 |
The Doppler Effect | p. 259 |
Relativistic Space-Time and Minkowski Space | p. 260 |
Interval ds[superscript 2] as an Invariant | p. 262 |
Four Vectors | p. 265 |
Four-Velocity and Four-Acceleration | p. 268 |
Four-Momentum Vector | p. 268 |
The Conservation Laws of Energy and Momentum | p. 270 |
Equivalence of Mass and Energy | p. 272 |
Problems | p. 274 |
References | p. 275 |
Index | p. 277 |
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