Acknowledgements xvii
1 Education and Training for the Personal Licence Holder 1
Introduction 1
Framework for Education and Training of Licence Holders 2
Core modules 4
Prerequisite and additional modules 4
Education and training in the UK 4
Aims of Accredited Training 4
Continuing Professional Development and Reflective Practice 5
Summary 5
References 6
2 Ethical Considerations around using Animals in Research 7
History of the Use of Animals in Research 7
The Ethics of Using Animals in Experiments 9
The Local Ethical Review Process 12
Measuring harms and benefits 12
The Principles of the Three RS 13
Replacement 13
Reduction 14
Refinement 15
Prospective, ongoing and retrospective review: reflective practice and the refinement loop 15
Public Perceptions 17
Transparency and freedom of information 18
References 18
3 The Regulatory Framework 21
Introduction to Legislation Regulating the Use of Animals in Research 21
European legislation 22
The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 22Protected animals 23
Regulated procedures 23
Exemptions 24
Licensing of places 24
The personal licence 25
Project licences 28
The Section 2C licence 30
Additional controls 32
Administration of the Act 33
Assessment of licences and inspection of premises 33
Offences and infringements 33
Communication 34
Statistics of Animal Usage 34
Other Relevant Legislation 34
References 36
4 Balancing Animal Welfare with Science 37
Welfare versus Science? 37
What is Welfare? 37
Quality of life 38
Why assess welfare? 39
Who should assess welfare? 40
How to assess welfare 40
Development of welfare assessment systems 44
Consideration of cumulative suffering 46
References 48
5 Animal Husbandry, Environmental Enrichment and Occupational Health and Safety 51
Animal Husbandry 51
Types of housing 52
Bedding and nesting materials 54
Nutrition 54
Environment 55
Handling techniques 56
Environmental Enrichment 56
Evaluation of enrichment and other refinements to housing and care 58
Evaluating the effect of a potential refinement on animals 58
Evaluating the effect of a potential refinement on science 61
Evaluating the effect of a potential refinement on animal house management 62
Supply and Transport 63
Aspects of Health, Safety and Security Affecting Animal Care 64
COSHH, CLP and REACH 65
Genetically modified organisms 66
Health and safety in animal facilities 67
Miscellaneous health and safety hazards and risks 71
Acknowledgements 74
References and Further Reading 74
6 Principles of Animal Use and Experimental Design 77
Principles of Experimental Design 77
Minimising variation 78
Selection of animals: species, strain, genetically altered animals 79
Genetic and Welfare Monitoring of GA and HM Animals 81
Background health status 82
Sources of infection 83
Health monitoring 84
Biosecurity and containment for rodents 86
References 87
7 Handling and Techniques 89
Prior Considerations 89
Training and competence of operator 89
Acclimatisation 90
Training of animals 90
Restraint of animals 90
Equipment 91
Administration of Substances 91
ADME 91
Administration volumes 93
Administration techniques 93
Legal considerations 103
Removal of Blood 104
Quality of samples 104
Technique for venipuncture 105
Methods of venipuncture in different species 108
Placement and Maintenance of Indwelling Cannulae 111
Withdrawal of blood 112
Long-term cannulation 112
Removal of cannulae 112
Potential sequelae 112
Arterial Sampling and Arterial Loops 113
Needle puncture 113
Arterial cannulae 113
Arterial loops 113
Miscellaneous Procedures 113
Creation and maintenance of fistulae 113
Administration techniques 114
Sampling 115
Antibody production 116
Equipment for Blood Collection and Administration of Substances 119
Over-the-needle cannulae 119
Evacuated blood-collection tubes 119
Butterfly needles 120
Tourniquets 120
Vasodilating agents 120
References 120
8 Humane Methods of Killing 123
Ethical Considerations in Killing Animals 123
Legal constraints 123
When to kill an animal 123
Preparation for humane killing 125
Methods of Euthanasia 127
Chemical methods of euthanasia 127
Physical methods of euthanasia 130
Other methods of euthanasia 131
Schedule 1 methods 132
References 133
9 Anaesthesia and Analgesia 137
Introduction 137
Pre-Anaesthetic Care and Evaluation 138
Acclimatisation 138
Training 138
Fasting 138
Handling 139
Health status 139
Local anaesthetics 139
Premedication 139
General Anaesthesia 142
General principles 142
Balanced anaesthesia 142
Administration of anaesthetics 143
Inhalation anaesthesia 144
Injectable anaesthesia 151
Long-term and non-recovery anaesthesia 164
Recovery and post-anaesthetic care 165
Local anaesthetics 166
Anaesthetic Management 167
Physiological stability 167
Depth of anaesthesia 170
Equipment monitoring 171
Anaesthetic Emergencies 171
Muscle Relaxation During Anaesthesia 172
Monitoring anaesthesia under neuromuscular blocking agents 173
Neuromuscular blocking agents 173
References 174
10 Introduction to Surgery and Surgical Techniques 177
Pre-Surgical Preparation 177
Animal 177
Instruments and equipment 178
Facilities 178
Personnel 178
Principles of Aseptic Technique 179
Atmosphere 180
Surgical team 180
Instruments 181
Methods of sterilisation 181
Preparation of the animal 183
Summary of Lasa Guidelines on Rodent Surgery 184
Conduct of Surgical Procedures 184
Inflammation and wound healing 184
Types of healing 185
Factors affecting healing 186
Performance of surgical procedures 187
Surgical Instruments 189
Skin incision 190
Dissection 191
Haemostasis 191
Wound closure 193
Other instruments 193
Suturing Techniques and Materials 195
Suture needles 196
Suture placement 197
Surgical knots 197
Suture patterns 198
Suture materials 201
Sizes of suture 206
Packaging 206
Summary 207
References 207
11 Small Laboratory Animals 209
Rodents 209
Dentition 209
Nutrition and digestion 210
Water 210
Behaviour 211
Senses and communication 211
Housing 211
Environment 211
Anaesthesia 212
Mouse 212
Behaviour 212
Communication 213
Feeding 214
Environment 215
Breeding 215
Growth 215
Handling 216
Pain and stress recognition 217
Common diseases and health monitoring 218
Biological data and useful reference data 218
Rat 218
Behaviour 219
Housing 219
Feeding 220
Water 220
Environment 220
Breeding 220
Growth and development 221
Handling 221
Pain and stress recognition 222
Common diseases and health monitoring 223
Biological data and useful reference data 223
Hamster 223
Behaviour 224
Housing 224
Feeding 225
Water 225
Environment 226
Breeding 226
Handling 227
Pain and stress recognition 227
Common diseases and health monitoring 227
Biological data and useful reference data 227
Gerbil 227
Behaviour 228
Housing 229
Feeding 229
Water 230
Environment 230
Breeding 230
Handling 230
Pain and stress recognition 231
Common diseases and health monitoring 231
Biological data and useful reference data 231
Guinea Pig 232
Behaviour 232
Housing 233
Feeding and water 233
Environment 234
Breeding 234
Growth 234
Handling 235
Recognition of pain and stress 235
Common diseases and health monitoring 235
Anaesthesia 236
Biological data and useful reference data 236
Rabbit 237
Behaviour 237
Housing 238
Feeding 239
Water 240
Environment 240
Breeding 241
Growth 241
Handling 242
Pain and stress recognition 242
Common diseases and health monitoring 243
Biological data and useful reference data 243
Anaesthesia in the rabbit 243
References 244
12 Carnivores 247
Dog 247
Behaviour 248
Housing 249
Feeding 249
Water 250
Environment 250
Breeding 250
Growth 251
Handling 251
Pain and stress recognition 251
Common diseases and health monitoring 253
Biological data and useful reference data 253
Anaesthesia 254
Ferret 254
Behaviour 255
Housing 255
Feeding 256
Water 257
Environment 257
Breeding 257
Growth 258
Handling 258
Pain and stress recognition 259
Common diseases and health monitoring 259
Biological data and useful reference data 260
Anaesthesia 260
References 261
13 Primates 263
Use of Primates in Research 263
New World Monkeys 263
Marmoset 264
Old World Monkeys 266
Sources, supply and transportation 266
Breeding 268
Housing 269
Feeding/watering 271
Health Monitoring, Quarantine and Common Diseases 272
Health-screening programme 273
Laboratory Procedures 274
Handling and restraint 274
Training 275
Administration of substances, blood sampling 276
Telemetry 277
Anaesthesia, analgesia and post-operative care 277
Husbandry post-surgery 277
Welfare 278
Natural behaviour 278
Assessment of welfare 279
Euthanasia 281
Record keeping 281
References 281
14 Production (Farm) Animals 287
C. J. Trower
Poultry 287
Biology 288
Domestic Chicken 289
Behaviour 289
Housing 289
Feeding 290
Water 290
Environment 291
Breeding 291
Handling 292
Techniques 292
Pain and stress recognition 294
Common diseases and health monitoring 294
Biological data and useful reference data 295
Anaesthesia of chickens 296
Ruminants 296
Sheep 297
Behaviour 298
Housing 298
Feeding 299
Water 300
Environment 300
Breeding 300
Handling 301
Pain and stress recognition 302
Common diseases and health monitoring 302
Anaesthesia and surgery 304
Useful data 304
Goats 305
Behaviour 306
Housing 306
Feeding 306
Water 307
Environment 307
Breeding 307
Handling 307
Pain and stress recognition 307
Common diseases and health monitoring 308
Anaesthesia and analgesia 308
Cattle 308
Behaviour 308
Housing 309
Feeding 309
Environment 310
Breeding 310
Handling 310
Pain and stress recognition 311
Common diseases and health monitoring 311
Anaesthesia 312
Useful data 312
Pigs 312
Supply 313
Behaviour 313
Housing 313
Feeding 314
Water 315
Environment 316
Breeding 316
Growth 317
Handling 317
Pain and stress recognition 318
Common diseases and health monitoring 318
Techniques 319
Anaesthesia 319
Useful data 321
References and Further Reading 321
References 321
Further reading 321
15 Wild Animals 323
General Considerations 323
Legislation and Guidance 323
Considerations under the UK Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 324
Project Planning 325
Catching and Trapping 325
Handling Wild Animals 326
Anaesthesia of Wild Animals 326
General considerations 326
Inhalational anaesthesia 329
Injectable anaesthesia 330
Identification of Wild Animals 333
Release of Animals Back to the Wild 334
References 335
16 Aquatic Species 337
Introduction 337
Fish 337
Sources of fish 338
General biology 338
Biological data 338
Husbandry 338
Water quality 340
Feeding 340
Handling and Techniques 340
Identification 341
Anaesthesia 342
Administration of compounds 342
Collection of samples 343
Surgery 344
Post-operative care and analgesia 344
Health and disease 345
Recognition of pain and distress 345
Euthanasia 346
Zebrafish 346
Sources of fish 346
Behaviour 347
Husbandry 347
Feeding 347
Breeding 348
Health and disease 349
Rainbow Trout 349
Feeding 349
Breeding 349
Health and disease 350
Amphibians 350
Biology and behaviour 351
Identification 352
Husbandry 352
Feeding 353
Breeding 354
Handling 355
Anaesthesia 355
Techniques 356
Surgery 356
Health and disease 356
Euthanasia 357
References 357
Glossary 359
Index 363
