Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning

About the Companion Website xi

1. Introduction 1

1.1 Historical Notes 2

1.2 Common HVAC Units and Dimensions 3

1.3 Fundamental Physical Concepts 6

1.4 Additional Comments 18

References 19

Problems 19

2. Air-Conditioning Systems 22

2.1 The Complete System 22

2.2 System Selection and Arrangement 24

2.3 HVAC Components and Distribution Systems 27

2.4 Types of All-Air Systems 28

2.5 Air-and-Water Systems 35

2.6 All-Water Systems 37

2.7 Decentralized Cooling and Heating 38

2.8 Heat Pump Systems 41

2.9 Heat Recovery Systems 43

2.10 Thermal Energy Storage 44

References 45

Problems 46

3. Moist Air Properties and Conditioning Processes 49

3.1 Moist Air and The Standard Atmosphere 49

3.2 Fundamental Parameters 51

3.3 Adiabatic Saturation 53

3.4 Wet Bulb Temperature and the Psychrometric Chart 55

3.5 Classic Moist Air Processes 57

3.6 Space Air Conditioning—Design Conditions 66

3.7 Space Air Conditioning—Off-Design Conditions 77

References 81

Problems 81

4. Comfort and Health—Indoor Environmental Quality 86

4.1 Comfort—Physiological Considerations 87

4.2 Environmental Comfort Indices 87

4.3 Comfort Conditions 91

4.4 The Basic Concerns of IAQ 93

4.5 Common Contaminants 94

4.6 Methods to Control Humidity 96

4.7 Methods to Control Contaminants 98

References 116

Problems 116

5. Heat Transmission in Building Structures 120

5.1 Basic Heat-Transfer Modes 120

5.2 Tabulated Overall Heat-Transfer Coefficients 139

5.3 Moisture Transmission 154

References 155

Problems 155

6. Space Heating Load 159

6.1 Outdoor Design Conditions 159

6.2 Indoor Design Conditions 160

6.3 Transmission Heat Losses 161

6.4 Infiltration 161

6.5 Heat Losses from Air Ducts 174

6.6 Auxiliary Heat Sources 176

6.7 Intermittently Heated Structures 176

6.8 Supply Air for Space Heating 176

6.9 Source Media for Space Heating 177

6.10 Computer Calculation of Heating Loads 178

References 179

Problems 180

7. Solar Radiation 182

7.1 Thermal Radiation 182

7.2 The Earth’s Motion About the Sun 185

7.3 Time 186

7.4 Solar Angles 188

7.5 Solar Irradiation 191

7.6 Heat Gain Through Fenestrations 198

7.7 Energy Calculations 213

References 214

Problems 214

8. The Cooling Load 217

8.1 Heat Gain, Cooling Load, and Heat Extraction Rate 217

8.2 Application of Cooling Load Calculation Procedures 220

8.3 Design Conditions 221

8.4 Internal Heat Gains 222

8.5 Overview of the Heat Balance Method 226

8.6 Transient Conduction Heat Transfer 228

8.7 Outside Surface Heat Balance—Opaque Surfaces 232

8.8 Fenestration—Transmitted Solar Radiation 238

8.9 Interior Surface Heat Balance—Opaque Surfaces 240

8.10 Surface Heat Balance—Transparent Surfaces 246

8.11 Zone Air Heat Balance 250

8.12 Implementation of the Heat Balance Method 255

8.13 Radiant Time Series Method 256

8.14 Implementation of the Radiant Time Series Method 266

8.15 Supply Air Quantities 273

References 273

Problems 275

9. Energy Calculations and Building Simulation 279

9.1 Degree-Day Procedure 279

9.2 Bin Method 282

9.3 Comprehensive Simulation Methods 287

9.4 Energy Calculation Tools 293

9.5 Other Aspects of Building Simulation 294

References 294

Problems 297

10. Flow, Pumps, and Piping Design 298

10.1 Fluid Flow Basics 298

10.2 Centrifugal Pumps 309

10.3 Combined System and Pump Characteristics 313

10.4 Piping System Fundamentals 317

10.5 System Design 335

10.6 Steam Heating Systems 343

References 356

Problems 357

11. Space Air Diffusion 363

11.1 Behavior of Jets 363

11.2 Air-Distribution System Design 371

References 388

Problems 388

12. Fans and Building Air Distribution 391

12.1 Fans 391

12.2 Fan Relations 391

12.3 Fan Performance and Selection 396

12.4 Fan Installation 403

12.5 Field Performance Testing 410

12.6 Fans and Variable-Air-Volume Systems 412

12.7 Air Flow in Ducts 414

12.8 Air Flow in Fittings 421

12.9 Accessories 434

12.10 Duct Design—General 435

12.11 Duct Design—Sizing 440

References 450

Problems 450

13. Direct Contact Heat and Mass Transfer 456

13.1 Combined Heat and Mass Transfer 456

13.2 Spray Chambers 459

13.3 Cooling Towers 467

References 474

Problems 475

14. Extended Surface Heat Exchangers 477

14.1 The Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) Method 478

14.2 The Number of Transfer Units (NTU) Method 479

14.3 Heat Transfer—Single-Component Fluids 480

14.4 Transport Coefficients Inside Tubes 487

14.5 Transport Coefficients Outside Tubes and Compact Surfaces 492

14.6 Design Procedures for Sensible Heat Transfer 498

14.7 Combined Heat and Mass Transfer 509

References 520

Problems 520

15. Refrigeration 524

15.1 The Performance of Refrigeration Systems 524

15.2 The Theoretical Single-Stage Compression Cycle 526

15.3 Refrigerants 529

15.4 Refrigeration Equipment Components 535

15.5 The Real Single-Stage Cycle 549

15.6 Absorption Refrigeration 555

15.7 The Theoretical Absorption Refrigeration System 565

15.8 The Aqua–Ammonia Absorption System 567

15.9 The Lithium Bromide–Water System 571

References 574

Problems 574

Appendix A. Thermophysical Properties 577

Table A.1a Properties of Refrigerant 718 (Water–Steam)—English Units 578

Table A.1b Properties of Refrigerant 718 (Water–Steam)—SI Units 579

Table A.2a Properties of Refrigerant 134a (1,1,1,2 Tetrafluoroethane)—English Units 580

Table A.2b Properties of Refrigerant 134a (1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane)—SI Units 582

Table A.3a Properties of Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane)—English Units 584

Table A.3b Properties of Refrigerant 22 (Chlorodifluoromethane)—SI Units 586

Table A.4a Air—English Units 588

Table A.4b Air—SI Units 589

Appendix B. Weather Data 590

Table B.1a Heating and Cooling Design Conditions—United States, Canada, and the World—English Units 591

Table B.1b Heating and Cooling Design Conditions—United States, Canada, and World—SI Units 594

Table B.2 Annual Bin Weather Data for Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 35 24 N, 97 36 W, 1285 ft Elevation 597

Table B.3 Annual Bin Weather Data for Chicago, Illinois, 41 47 N, 87 45 W, 607 ft Elevation 597

Table B.4 Annual Bin Weather Data for Denver, Colorado, 39 45 N, 104 52 W, 5283 ft Elevation 598

Table B.5 Annual Bin Weather Data for Washington, D.C., 38 51 N, 77 02 W, 14 ft Elevation 598

Appendix C. Pipe and Tube Data 599

Table C.1 Steel Pipe Dimensions—English and SI Units 600

Table C.2 Type L Copper Tube Dimensions—English and SI Units 601

Appendix D. Useful Data 602

Table D.1 Conversion Factors 603

Appendix E. Charts 605

Chart 1a ASHRAE psychrometric chart no. 1 (IP) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) 606

Chart 1b ASHRAE psychrometric chart no. 1 (SI) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) 607

Chart 1Ha ASHRAE psychrometric chart no. 4 (IP) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) 608

Chart 1Hb ASHRAE psychrometric chart no. 6 (SI) (Reprinted by permission of ASHRAE.) 609

Chart 2 Enthalpy–concentration diagram for ammonia–water solutions (From Unit Operations by G. G. Brown, Copyright © 1951 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) 610

Chart 3 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for refrigerant 134a (Reprinted by permission.) 611

Chart 4 Pressure–enthalpy diagram for refrigerant 22

(Reprinted by permission.) 612

Chart 5 Enthalpy–concentration diagram for Lithium Bromide–water solutions (Courtesy of Institute of Gas Technology, Chicago IL.) 613

Chart 6 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Freon™ 407C (SI Units). Courtesy of Chemours 614

Chart 7 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Freon™ 407A (SI Units). Courtesy of Chemours 615

Chart 8 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for Freon™ 410A (SI Units). Courtesy of Chemours 616

Index 617